976 



INDEX. 



Sorbus aiicuparia, biul-scales, i. 626. 



• Gymnosporangium gall, Ü. 520. 



Soredia. of Lichens, ii. 24, 693, 816. 

 Son, of Ferns, ii. 11. 

 Soma, nature of, ii. 10. 

 Sow-thistle. See Mulgedium. 

 Spaces, intercellular, i. 27, 63. 

 Spadiciflone, floral characters, ii. 740. 

 Spadix, of Anim maculatum, ii. 742. 

 Spangle-galls on Oak-leaves, ii. 537, 541. 

 Spanish flora, general grayness of, i. 317. 

 Sparganacere, ii. 745. 

 Spargauiiim, monoecious, ii. 297. 



— pollination, ii. 136. 



— protogynous, ii. 312. 



Spannannia Africana, protection of pollen, 



ii. 119. 

 Spartium, insect reception, ii. 228. 



— protective coat of wax, i. 292. 



— atomata, i. 331. 



Spartium junceum, scent, ii. 201. 

 Spartium scoparium and Xylocopa violacea, 

 ii. 267. 



flower and explosive distribution of 



pollen, ii. 266. 



green tissue, relative position, i. 471. 



inflorescence, ii. 267. 



reserve-buds, ii. 31. 



Spathe, application of term, i. 641. 

 Spathegaster baccarum, gall on male catkins 



of Oak, ii. 526. 

 Spathegaster tricolor, galls on the leaves of 



Turkey Oak. ii. 537. 

 Spathularia flavida, fairy rings, ii. 791- 

 Spawn, of Mushroom, a mycelium, i. 100. 

 Species, essential feature, ii. 581. 



— extinction by Humble-bees, ii, 239. 



— extinction of, ii. 899. 



— fertilization and origin of, i. 594. 



— of flowering plants, number, ii. 604. 



— origin of, ii. 486. 



Specific constancy in offshoots, ii. 494. 



— constitution, of plants, i. 567. 

 Si)ectrum, absorption, of chlorophyll, i. 372. 

 Specularia, colour of flowers, ii. 183. 



— opening and closing, ii. 116. 

 Specularia speculum, protection of pollen, 



ii. 128. 

 Spergula arvensis, autogamy, ii. 338. 



weather and autogamy, ii. 391. 



Spermatogenesis, in Ferna, ii. 67. 

 Spermatoplasm, influence on ovary, Ü. 551. 



— manifold düferentiatiou, ii. 48. 



— nature of, ii. 46. 

 Siwmiatozoid, nature of. ii. 48. 



— of Ohara fragilis, ii. 660. 



— of Clilorophyceae, ii. 628. 



— of Coleochaete, ii. 653. 



— of Dudresnaya, ii. 53. 



— of Fern, escape, ii. 708. 



— of Fucus vesiculosus, ii. 664. 



— of Selaginella, ii. 715. 



— of Volvox aureus, ii. 635. 

 Sphacelariaceie. structure, &c., ii. 661. 

 Sphjerella Butschlii, eye-spot, ii. 631. 

 Sphierella nivalis, discovery of, i. 38. 

 ha;matochrome, ii. 631. 



killing degree of cold, i. 542. 



Sphajrella pluvialis, description, ii. 630. 



■ habitat and food, i. 108. 



sociability of swarm-spores, i. 584. 



swarm-cells and light, i. 383. 



SphitTO bolus, spore -dispersal, ii. 825. 

 Sphairoplea. life-history, ii. 652. 

 Sphserotheca Castagnei, fruits, ii. 60. 



on Humulus, ii. 677. 



Sphierotilus thermalLs, and heat, i. 554. 

 Sphagnacete, appearance, i. 219. 



— description, ii. 699. 



— leaves, minute structure i. 219. 



water-absorption, i. 219. 



Sphagnum cymbtfolium, sporogonium, ii. 



15. 

 Sphere crjstals. i. 457- 

 Spiders, elevation and coloration, ii. 511. 

 Spiderwort. See Tradescantia. 

 Spindle, nuclear, i. 581. 



Spines, arrangement in Cactiform plante, i. 



446. 



— as "path-finders", ii. 238. 



— proof of protective nature, i. 436. 



— transformed shoots, i. 443. 



— used as needles, i. 434. 

 Spinea, weaving stem, i. 672. 



Spiraja Aruncus, distribution of sexes, ii. 300. 



separation-layers, i. 360. 



Spinea chamsedrifolla, scent, ii. 1^00. 

 Spir.ea crenata, reserve-buds, ii. 33. 

 S[)inea Filipendula, roots, i. 760. 

 Spirx'a ulmifolia, scent, ü. 200. 

 Spiral, genetic, i. 398, 403. 



— phyllotaxis, plans, i. 400. 

 Spiranthes, cohering jwUen-grains, ii. 97. 

 Spirochiete cholerse asiaticae, ii. 624. 

 Spirogyra, clilorophyll bodies, cf. PI. I., i. 373. 



— formation of zygote, ii. 657- 



— occurrence, ii. 654. 



Spirogyra- filament, structure, ii. 656. 

 SpirogjTacea;, ii. 654. 

 Spirophyton. ii. 610. 

 Splachnacefc, true saprophytes, i. 103. 

 Splachnum, apophysis, ii. 702. 



— saprophytic, ii. 704. 



Splachnum ampullaceum, capsule, ii. 703. 



saprophytic on dung of cattle, i. 103. 



Splachnum luteum, capsule, iL 703. 

 Sponge, symbiosis with Chloruphyceai, ii. 627. 

 Spongy parenchyma, functions, i. 473. 



chlorophyll-granules, i. 374. 



movements of chlorophyll -granules, i. 



381. 

 Spongy tissue, of leaves, chief function, i. 



279. 

 Sporangiole, of Chfetocladium, ii. 673. 



— of Thamnidium, ii. 673, 

 Sporangium, nature of, ii. 10. 



— of Ferns, ii. 476. 



— of Marattiaceff, ii. 709. 



— of Mucor, ii. 673- 



— of Mysomycetes, mode of origin, ii. 619. 



— of Ophioglossaceae, ii. 709. 



— of PolypodiaceEB, ii. 706. 



— of Psilotum, ii. 715. 



— of Schizajacese, ii. 709. 



— of Tmesipteris, ii. 715. 



— protection from moisture, Jfcc, ii. 13. 

 Spore, of Equisetum arvense, ii. 712. 



— of Lycopodium, ii. 716. 



— places of origin, ii. 10. 



— unicellular brood-body, ii. 6. 

 Spore-capsifle, of Polytrichum, ii. 700. 

 Spore-capsules, of Mosses, ii. 703. 

 Spore formation, by abstriction, ii. 20. 

 Spores, classification according to mode of 



origin, ii. 10. 



— dispersed by vrind, ii. 812. 



— of Fern, dispersal, &c., ii. 476. 



— of Lichens, dissemination, i. 246. 



— of Moss, dispersal, ii. 479. 



— of Moulds, heat resistance, i. 554. 

 Sporocarps, of Marsilia quadrifoha, iL 710. 



— of Salviuia natans, ii. 710. 

 Sporodinia grandis, conjugation and fruit- 

 formation, ii. 53. 



Sporogonium, of Brj'aceie, ii. 702. 



— of Muscineaj, ii. 15. 477. 

 Sporophyte, of Hepatica-, ii. 696. 



— of Lycopodiales, ii. 70i. 



— of Phanerogamia, ii. 717. 



— of Pteridophyta, characteristics, ii. 704. 



— young, of Fern, ii. 708, 



Spring flowers, probable reason for blue 



colour, ii. 194. 

 Sprinkling apparatus for pollen transfer, ii. 



273. 275. 

 "Sprouting" of Eye, &c., ii. 454. 

 Spruce-fir Aphis. See ChiTrms nhietis. 

 Spumaria alba, sporangia, ii. 491- 

 Spur, of Orchids, and honey, ii. 176. 

 Spurge. See Euph&rhia. 

 Spurge- family. See Eiiptiorbiacece. 

 Spurge-laurel. See Daphne Laurtola. 

 Spurges, of Mediterranean, waxy bloom of 



leaves, i. 312. 



SquirrelB, disperse fruits, ii. 866. 



Squirting Cucumber, ii. 834. 



Stachys, hybrids, ii. 585. 



Stalk, of ovule, i. 644. 



Stamen, morphological value of parts, iL 88. 



— parts of, i. 642. 

 Stamens, ii. 87- 



— arrangement, i. 641 ; ii. 85. 



— as insect platform, ii. 225. 



— constancy in number, ii. 86. 



— division of labour, L 645. 



— metamorphosis, i. 646. 



— of monstrous flowers, ii. 86- 



Staminal filaments, turgidity in Grasses, ii. 



140. 

 Staminiferoua buds, of Vallisneria, ii. 105. 

 Staminode, application of term, i. 647. 

 Standard, of papilionaceous flower, ii. -28. 

 Stanhupea, duration of flowers, ii. 214. 



— edible fleshy growths, ii. 170. 

 Stanhopea Devoniensis, PL XIII. 

 Stanhopea tigrina, opening of flowert, ii. 212. 

 Stapelia, colour and odour, iL 197. 



Star Anise. See JTHicium anisatum. 

 Starch, conducting tissues for, i. 480. 



— decomposition by diastase, i. 465. 



— formed by protoplasts, i. 61. 



— percentage composition, L 454. 



— storing, i. 358. 



Starch-grains, of plant hybrids, ii. 566. 



various forms, i. 459. 



Starch-granules, in endosperm, ii. 421. 

 Starch-stars, of Ohara stelligera. ii. 661. 

 Star of Bethlehem. See Oniithoaalum. 

 Statice, anthocyanin, L 484. 



— poUen-grain, ii. 100. 



— salt on leaves and stems, L 236. 

 Staurospermum, conjugation, ii. 658. 

 Stearin, in cuticle, i. 309. 

 Stellaria, massing of flowers, iL 186. 

 SteUaria bulbosa, geographical restriction, ii. 



462. 



vegetative propagation, ii. 463. 



SteUaria graminea, protection of pollon,iL120. 

 Stellaria Holostea, autogamy, ii. 355. 

 SteUaria media, abortive anthers, ii. 294. 



autogamy, ii. 338. 



hairs on stem and petioles, i. 227. 



movements of cotyledons, L 532. 



Stellatae, source of name, i. 637. 

 Stellate hairs, classificatory value, ii. 564. 

 Stellera passerina, effect of mutilation, ii. 517. 



weather and autogamy, ii. 391. 



Stem, classification, L 650. 



— creeping, L 652. 662. 



— floating, characteristics, L 665. 



— foliage bearing, i. 655. 



— geometrical an-angement of cells and 



leaves, i. 405. 



— grooving of, for water conduction, i. 95. 



— lattice-form, L 678. 



— mode of climbing, i. 671, 686. 



— morphological coo siderat inns, i. 648. 



— nodes and intemodes, i. 396. 



— procumbent, mechanical tissue, i. 735- 



— prostrate, i. 662. 



— scaly, L 651. 



— subterranean, mechanical tissue, L 735. 



— tendril-bearing, i. 689. 



— transverse and longitudinal sect. i. 469. 



— weaving, nature of, L 67L 



— woody, i. 657. 



Stemooitis fusca. sporangia, ii. 491. 

 Stephan osj>hÄra, structure, ii. 631. 

 Steppe-antelope, eastward retreat, ii, 462. 

 Steppe-fauna, eastward retreat, ii. 462. 

 Steppe-flora, eastward retreat, ii. 462. 



previously in Central Europe. iL 9C3. 



Steppe- insects, probable eastward retre;it. ii. 



462. 

 Steppe-plants, &c., coloured stamen-fila- 

 ments in, ii. 183. 



covered by glandular viscid hairs, i. 230. 



reserve-buds, ii. 33. 



seed protection, ii. 450. 



sticky fohage in, iL 236 



Steppe-porcupine, eastwanl retreat, ii. 462. 



