114 RELATIONS OF SAPROPHYTES TO THEIR NUTRIENT SUBSTRATUM. 
Epipogium aphyllum, as well as that of the “ Coral-root”, which is entirely destitute 
of roots, develop fascicles of absorptive cells on their ramitications, and on special 
little swellings; and the white subterranean stem structures of Bartsia alpina are 
also provided with long absorptive cells. The white, fusiform, tuberously thickened, 
underground stems of the Alpine Enchanter’s Nightshade (Circea alpina) exhibit 
no roots during autumn and winter, nor until such time as new leafy stems sprout 
from them and lift themselves into the daylight; they only have scattered club- 
shaped absorptive cells. Yet it is inconceivable that the few absorptive cells meet 
the entire requirements of these plants at the season of the development of their 
aérial stems. Food is absorbed in these cases also by the epidermal cells of the 
entire tuber, underground stem, or coral-like rhizome, as the case may be. The 
epidermal cells of these subterranean caulomes which lie immediately in contact 
with the black mould or humus on the ground of forests, have such thin and tender 
walls that they are quite as well adapted to the absorption of nutriment as are the 
projecting absorptive cells; indeed the club-shaped absorptive cells on the small 
tubers of Enchanter’s Nightshade exhibit somewhat thicker walls than those 
forming the general epidermis of these tubers. 
We may compare food-absorption as performed by these coral-like and tuberous 
structures, imbedded in decaying plant residues, with the action of tape-worms in 
process of sucking in through their entire epidermis the fluid filling the intestines 
they inhabit. The epidermal cells of the thick tortuous root-fibres of Neottia 
Nidus-avis are all capable of absorbing nutriment, though they do not project as 
tubes, but are tabular, and have their outer walls, which are in immediate contact 
with the nutrient soil, only slightly arched outwards (see fig. 162). The green leafy 
orchids rooted in the vegetable mould of woods and meadows are, on the contrary, 
furnished with very long tubular absorption cells; and these cells do not wither 
and collapse forthwith when the root elongates, but long retain their vigour and 
activity. Whereas in the case of land plants adapted to mineral food-salts, the 
tubular absorption cells (“root-hairs”) are limited to a narrow zone behind the 
growing point of the root and always die comparatively soon; in the case of orchids, 
having cylindrical roots imbedded in vegetable mould, these structures appear to be 
beset from end to end with long scattered tubular absorption cells, which are 
retained even through the drought of summer or the frost of winter right into the 
next period of vegetative activity; and these cells occur most abundantly in parts of 
the ground where there happens to be a bed of humus or mouldering remains 
particularly amenable to their purpose. Similar relations are found to exist in the 
case of the dichotomously-branched roots of the Club-moss. They are twisted in 
spirals and bore into the vegetable mould like corkscrews, and their absorption 
cells form in some places regular tassels, which are completely cemented over with 
fine black mould. The roots of grasses which, like the Mat-grass, live on the 
decomposition-products of vegetable mould, are also distinguished by strikingly 
long absorption cells, which grow in black or brown humus and there undergo the 
strangest bends and contortions. When, for instance, a fragment of a dead root or 
