CLIMBING PARASITES. GREEN-LEAVED PARASITES. TOOTHWORT. 181 
second series chiefly in their lack of chlorophyll. They all live underground on the 
roots of trees and shrubs, develop deep down in the earth a number of flowerless 
perennial shoots thickly covered with scales, and, in addition, push up annually into 
the light temporary axes bearing flowers, which ripen their fruits and die after the 
fall of the seed. 
As the best known representative of this series, we may take the Toothwort 
(Lathrea Squamaria), which is represented in fig. 37, and has been already 
deseribed on a previous occasion as an instance of a plant nourished by capturing 
Fig. 37.—Toothwort (Lathrwa Squamaria) with suckers upon the roots of a Poplar. 
and digesting infusoria in special receptacles. Like Bartsia, it is a remarkable 
example of a plant living on juices in part derived from animals killed by itself and 
partly from living hosts. Formerly, the Toothwort used to be included in the 
family of Broom-rapes (Orobanche®) on account of the structure of its capsules, 
but it is entirely different as regards the form of its seedling. For, whereas the 
seedling of a Broom-rape is a thread without any trace of cotyledons, as will be seen 
when we study its development and mode of attachment to the host in the next few 
pages, that of the Toothwort is clearly differentiated into radicle, cotyledons, and 
rudimentary stem, corresponding in this respect entirely with the Rhinanthacee. 
Moreover, the Toothwort resembles Rhinanthaceze much more than Broom-rapes in 
the manner in which it attacks its hosts and withdraws nutriment from them. 
