214 GRAFTING AND BUDDING. 
as a rule, and constitutes the so-called wild “stock”. The branch which yields the 
bud for the operation or which is itself transferred in its entirety to the wild stock 
is named, in the terminology of horticulture, the noble “scion”. 
The process of ennobling is effected either by grafting or by budding. In 
grafting the stem of the stock is cut off transversely, an excision is made at the 
periphery of the surface of the section and the scion is inserted in this opening. 
The scion must be previously trimmed to fit; in preparing it care must be taken 
that it bears a pair of healthy buds, and that the end to be inserted is eut so as to 
correspond to the form of the fissure made in the stock. In inserting it one must 
see that, as far as possible, the bark, bast, and wood of the one come into contact 
with the corresponding parts of the other. The wounds of the stock caused by the 
operation are then covered by a mass of putty, wax, or some other protective 
medium, and the chances are that the branch thus introduced will contract an 
organic union with the substratum, that nutritive matter will be supplied it by the 
substratum, and that new branches will sprout from its buds. In this case there- 
fore the nutriment taken from the ground by the stock passes into the grafted 
scion, and the scion, which develops branches from its buds, and ultimately may 
become a densely ramifying tree-top, behaves as a parasite, whilst the stock plays 
the part of host. 
It not infrequently happens that a substratum supporting at its summit the 
branches of a grafted scion develops subsequently branches of its own lower down 
as well, and the curious sight is then afforded of a tree or shrub bearing different 
foliage, flowers, and fruit on its inferior parts from those of its upper regions. If, 
for example, the stem of a Quince is used as substratum, and Medlar branches are 
grafted upon it, the result may be a bush or tree which exhibits below branches 
with the round leaves, rose-coloured flowers, and golden “pomes” of the Quince, 
and above branches with the oblong leaves, white flowers, and brown fruit of the 
Medlar. Gardeners, of course, do not willingly allow this to happen, but carefully 
remove the branches belonging to the stock in order that all the food materials 
may fall to the lot of the grafted plant, and the latter thrive as vigorously and 
luxuriantly as possible. 
The same result is obtained by budding as by grafting; but here a single bud of 
the scion, instead of an entire branch, is transferred to the stock. This is accom- 
plished in the following manner:—Two incisions at right angles forming a T, 
are made in a branch of not too great age belonging to the plant employed as 
substratum. These cuts are carried through the bark as far as the wood. The two 
lobes of bark, formed by the T-shaped incision, are then carefully raised from the 
wood, and the bud to be transplanted is pushed in under them. The bud which has 
previously been taken away from the scion must have retained in that process a 
portion of bark, and usually the bit of bark peeled off is given the shape of a little 
shield. This shield, carrying the bud that is to be transferred upon it, is now 
introduced between the two lobes above mentioned, and the lobes are folded over 
it in such a manner as to allow the bud to project freely from the slit between the 
