110 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 



widely from the normal type. To this form I have given the 

 name of V. antiopa var. dauhi, Stdfs., in honom' of my friend 

 Daub, of Karlsruhe. 



It is only the keen and intelligent interest in the scientific 

 bearing of entomology, and the considerable pecuniary sacrifices 

 which are brought by men like my valued friend Daub to the 

 study of these favourites of theirs, that make the investigation — 

 in many respects a thorny one — of this branch of zoology possible 

 to the specialist. 



On the upper surface of this very beautiful form the brown 

 ground colour is darkened, especially on the hind wing, which 

 sometimes seems almost black. The blue marginal points, 

 reduced to about half their normal size, show a tinge of violet. 

 But what impresses on this creature its strongly divergent 

 character is the extraordinary darkening of the yellow border of 

 both pairs of wings, which in the most extreme examples shows 

 only a small remnant of the yellow scales. 



Besides this the blackened border is seen on the fore wing to 

 have a waved outline corresponding to the occurrence of the blue 

 spots, whilst generally keeping on the hind wing to the normal 

 form. 



A remarkable feature in most of the specimens is the strongly 

 excavated dorsal margin of the fore wing, a result of which is 

 that the dorsal angle is markedly less than in normal examples. 

 Besides this the outer border of both pairs of wings is drawn out 

 into less projecting points than in the usual form. 



On the under side this fine creature is as much darkened as 

 on the upper surface. 



The ground colour is an almost pure black shot with moiree ; 

 with the exception of the two white costal patches there are 

 scarcely any markings to be seen ; moreover, the out'er border of 

 both pairs of wings, by reason of its strong black colouring, 

 presents scarcely any contrast of importance with the tint of the 

 rest of the wing ; some specimens, however, occur in which this 

 contrast is sufficiently apparent. 



These latter specimens are also darkened to a less degree on 

 the upper surface, and they vividly recall the Mexican V. cijano- 

 melas, Doubl. Hew. 



b. Cold. 



(1) 29 — 34 days in the refrigerator ; then 12 — 13 days at the 

 normal temperature. 



Corresponding to the different amount of exposure there is a 

 series of very diverse forms. 



The brown ground colour becomes lighter in varying degrees, 

 and the blue marginal sjDots, which in these cases become much 

 enlarged on the fore wings only, each acquire separately an 

 encircling black ring. In other words, the continuous black 

 submarginal streak, which in the normal F. antiopa forms the 



