112 



THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 



The blue is everywhere considerably increased, and in the 

 hind wing seems almost invariably to have acquired the tendency 

 to intrude by angular projections into the yellow border. The 

 ground colour of the hind wing becomes of a splendid velvety 

 black ; that of the fore wing is also very markedly darkened. 



Under surface.— "Ihe pale border is here also correspondingly 

 narrowed, and is thickly beset with black scales, especially 

 towards the tip of the fore wing. 



The remainder of the surface is deep black, and all the 

 markings are very indistinct ; moreover, the two white costal 

 spots on the fore wing are considerably reduced in consequence 

 of a powdering of black. 



As far back as the autumn of 1893, 1 bestowed on this beauti- 

 ful form the name of F. antiopa ab. roederi, Stdfs., after my 

 valued friend Eoder, of Wiesbaden. He, too, is one of the men 

 who in these matter-of-fact times of ours have not lost their 

 interest in these little masterpieces of Nature's handicraft. 



7. Vanessa atalanta, L. 

 a. Warmth. 



Seventy-two hours at 37° C. (98°— 99° F.), then 3—4 days at 

 24° C. (75° F.) until the butterflies emerged. 



Ujjper surface. — The outer marginal blue of the fore wing 

 becomes so much reduced that in most individuals there only 

 remain visible two small spots near the apex. 



The red cross-band of the fore wing becomes widened to a 

 greater or less extent ; this in some individuals is carried to 

 such a point at the costal margin that the black patch lying just 

 internally to this region becomes completely annulated with red. 

 This showy cross-band is also widened on the external aspect. 



Besides this, there occurs an abundant reddish-brown shading 

 on the black portion of the fore wing near the root. 



The large white patch on the costal margin of the fore wing, 

 and the five white spots lying in a curve externally to this, show 

 an undoubted tendency towards reduction ; in some individuals 

 the fifth of these spots, that namely that lies close to the red 

 band, vanishes altogether. 



All these features api^roximate towards V. callirrhoc, F., and 

 its local forms, var. vulcania, Godt., from the Canaries, &c. 



The occasional enlargement of the black points in the red 

 outer border of the hind wing must also be considered an 

 approach [to these forms] . On the other hand, there is a 

 further most remarkable characteristic of these specimens pro- 

 duced at a raised temperature which, from this point of view, is 

 not easily explained ; this is the occurrence, in about 50 per 

 cent, of the individuals reared under the above-mentioned con- 

 ditions, of a bright red powdering between the second and third 

 of the five white spots near the apex of the fore wing already 



