324 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 



Of the PieridcB, Aporia cratcegi and Pieris brassiccs ascend to 

 5500 ft. into the pine woods, wliile P. rapes and P. napi with its 

 alpine variety bryonice may be seen on the wing nearly 1500 ft. 

 higher, stray specimens occurring above the forest region. The 

 beautiful P. callidice I have seen in abundance at an elevation of 

 nearly 8000 ft. on the Gemmi Pass and on the Eiffel, and a few 

 individuals more than 1000 ft. higher still, among the snow. 

 Euchloe cardamines does not ascend beyond the slielter afforded 

 by the woods, but its relative E. belia var. simplonia occurs above 

 this region to the height of over 7500 ft. Leucophasia sinapis, 

 which is very abundant in the Alps, is found to the altitude of 

 5500 ft. Colias hyale and C. edusa may be seen everywhere up 

 to the region of the conifers, the former rarely ascending into the 

 upper alpine zone, where, however, its relative C. phicomone is 

 exceedingly abundant in certain localities in company with the 

 rich yellow C. palceno. I have seen both the latter species at an 

 elevation of about 8000 ft. in the Pennine Alps. Gonopteryx 

 rhamni I have observed no higher than 3000 ft. in the Bernese 

 Alps and Jura. 



Of the *' coppers," Chrysophanus hippothoe is the most plentiful, 

 occurring in abundance, especially in the pine woods, within 

 which the lovely C. virgawece also dwells. The Lycsenidse are 

 very numerous in species, and considerably in evidence every- 

 where. Lyccena bellargus, L. corydon, L. icarus, L. damon, L. 

 hylas, L. escheri, L. eros, L. cegon, and L. astrarche are all found 

 in the pine woods, but do not, I think, ascend higher. L. semi- 

 argus, L. minima, L. arion, L. orbitulus, and several others are, 

 however, found above this elevation, while I have only seen L. 

 argiolus in the lower valleys. 



Tlie " Fritillaries " are exceedingly plentiful in the Alps. 

 Argynnis adippe, A. paphia, and A. dia I have not seen above the 

 height of 4000 ft., but A. niobe with its variety eris, A. aglaia, A. 

 euphrosyne, A. amathusia, Melitcea phoebe, M. athalia, and M. 

 dictynna are all plentiful in the pine region ; Argynnis pales, 

 Melitcea cyntliia, M. aurinia var. merope, and M. parthenia var. 

 varia occurring still higher, in the upper alpine zone. Melitcea 

 didyma and Argynnis latJionia have their head-quarters in the 

 vine district, but stray specimens may occasionally be met with 

 in the region of conifers. 



Of the Vanessidse, Vanessa io, V. antiopa, V. c-album, and V. 

 polychloros, according to my experience, are confined to the lower 

 valleys and slopes, but V. atalanta, V. cardui, and V. urticce range 

 high up upon the mountains, the latter species putting in its 

 appearance almost everywhere. 



We now come to the SatyridcB. Melanargia galatea swarms 

 in most meadows up to the height of 3000 or 40U0 ft., in company 

 with several species of the extensive genus Erebia, of which E. 

 blandina is the most abundant in the lower mountain region ; but 



