ECOLOGY OF NORTHERN MICHIGAN. 61 



1. Carp Lake {Station V. 1 and 3). 



The lake is about a mile long, a quarter of a mile wide, and comprised, 

 in extent, about one-half of the station. The western half of the lake ex- 

 pended from the foot of the talus slope to the foot of the ridge on the other 

 side, while the eastern half differed from it principally in having a narrow 

 strip of land between the waters edge and the foot of the talus slope on the 

 north side. 



Bordering most of the lake there is just enough beach to walk on, except 

 on the northwest shore where it is somewhat wider. On the southwest 

 and southeast shores of the lake, there are small grassy marshes, and at 

 such places bulrushes and sedges grow along the edge of the water. 



On the south side arbor vitae, maples, alders, and other trees grow along 

 the edge of the beach. These trees were usually not more than twenty 

 feet high and are so close together that it was almost impossible to penetrate 

 them. At other places there is a fringe of alders along the beach. 



Very few birds were seen on the lake ; a Loon, was upon the water August 

 10; Kingfishers were often seen flying across the lake, now and then diving 

 for a fish; an Osprey was observed several times doing the same thing, and 

 a Great Blue Heron was twice seen flying across the lake and once in the 

 sedges. A Swamp Sparrow, a Solitary Sandpiper and Crows were observed 

 on the beach. 



2. Grassy Marshes (Station V. 2, IV. 2). 



There were two of these grassy marshes. One at the east end of Carp 

 Lake and another a mile and a quarter up Carp river. Both were over- 

 grown with tough marsh grass and were too small to be of any special im- 

 portance as a bird habitat. 



Song Sparrows and Swamp Sparrows came out of the alders to feed 

 but the only birds taken characteristic of grassy marshes were the 

 Wilson's Snipe and Carolina Rail. The former was taken in the marsh, 

 up the river, and the latter in the marsh at the east end of the lake. 



3. Alders (Station IV. 2). 



The alders occupied the bottom land along either side of Carp river. There 

 are many willows, dogwoods, and cassandra bushes among the alders, and 

 together they formed a thicket so dense, that it was impossible to see 

 more than a few yards. 



The birds of this habitat were the White-throated Sparrow, Red-eyed Vireo, 

 Black-throated Green Warbler, Redstart, Oven Bird, Swamp Sparrow, 

 Mourning Warbler, Olive-backed Thrush, Downy Woodpecker, Kingfisher, 

 Sharp-shinned Hawk, Cedar Wax^dng, Chestnut-sided Warbler, Chickadee, 

 Canadian Warbler, Rose-breasted Grosbeak, Wilson's Thrush, Black-billed 

 Cuckoo, Alder Flycatcher, Song Sparrow, American Bittern, Ruffed Grouse, 

 Least Flycatcher, Red-winged Blackbird, Water Thrush, and Black-throated 

 Blue Warbler. 



The Canadian and Chestnut-sided Warblers and Red-winged Blackbird 

 probably did not breed in this zone, as they were not seen here until after 

 the first of August. 



The Kingfisher, American Bittern and Sharp-shinned Hawk were seen 

 along the edge of the river. Only one of each of the last two were seen. 

 The Hawk was on the bank eating a grouse and the Bittern was standing 



