ECOLOGY OF NORTHERN MICHIGAN. 77 



27. Equisetum hyemale L. About the shores of Carp Lake, V. 1, and 

 on the delta, V, 2. 



Lycopodiaceae Michx. Club-Moss Family. 



28. Lycopodium selago L. Common in the aspen zone, II. 5; also found 

 in the pine zone, III. 3. 



29. Lycopodium lucidulum Michx. A common plant in the ground cover 

 of the hardwood forest, II. 2; VI. 



30. Lycopodium clavatum L. Running Pine. In the arbor vitae swamp, 



II. 1; in the hardwood forest, II. 2, and in the aspen zone, II. 5, III. 1, 4. 



31. Lycopodium complanatuni L. Common in the aspen zone, II. 5, 



III. 1, 4. Often extending out on the heath mats. 



Pinaceae Lindl. Pine Family. 



32. Pinus strobus L. White Pine. Large isolated trees occur through 

 the hardwood forest, II. 2, IV. 3, VL More abundant in the aspen zone, 

 II. 5. Occurs principally as a scattered growth with P. resinosa on the heath 

 mats on the mountain top, on the ledges on the cliff face, and on the talus 

 slopes. III, forming belts of denser growth where the cliff face is broken 

 by large ledges. 



33. Pinus resinosa Ait. Red or Norway Pine. Associated about 

 equally with P. strohus on the mountain top, cliff, and talus slopes, III. 

 Not present in the hardwood forest. 



34. Pinus divaricata (Ait.) Gord. Labrador or Gray Pine. Several 

 specimens observed on the heath mat on the mountain top, III. 5. 



35. Larix laricina (Du Roi) Koch. Am.erican Larch. Tamarack. 

 Occasional in the cassandra and alder thickets along Carp river, IV. 2, in 

 the broader portions of the flood-plain, and about the beaver meadow on 

 Little Carp river, VII. 2; often forming in the last two habitats a zone 

 with Picea canadensis and Abies balsamea between the alder thickets and the 

 deciduous forest of the slopes. Predominates in peat bogs, forming a nearly 

 pure stand, IV. 4. 



36. Picea canadensis (Mill.) B. S. P. White Spruce. Occasional in 

 the arbor vitae swamp, II. 1 ; in the tamarack swamp, IV. 4; in the coniferous 

 zone behind the alder thickets in the valley of Carp river, IV, and about the 

 beaver meadow on Little Carp river, VIP. 2. 



37. Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Hemlock. This tree nearly always 

 forms a small portion of the tree cover in the hardwood forest, II. 2, IV. 

 3, VI. Occasionally, as at the foot of the north slope of the first range and 

 on the south slope of the second range, it predominates, forming dense 

 forests with little underbrush. 



38. Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. Balsam Fir. Widely distributed, occurring, 

 but never predominating, in the climax forest, II. 2, IV. 3, VI. It also occurs 

 with the Spruce and Tamarack in the coniferous society in the valley of Carp 

 river, IV. 2; about the beaver meadow on Little Carp river, VII. 2, and in 

 the tamarack, IV. 4, and arbor vitae swamps, II. 2; being more abundant 

 in these coniferous societies. 



39. Thuja occidentalis L. White Cedar. Arbor Vitae. This tree occurs 

 in the rock crevices on the Upper Beach of Lake Superior, I; occasionally 

 on the cliff face. III, and about the margins of Carp, V, and Little Carp 

 Lakes, VII. It is more characteristic, however, of the swampy areas at 

 the foot of the north slope, II. 1, and in the river valleys, IV. 2, where it 

 forms a dense and almost impenetrable growth. 



