62 THE FOUR SEGREGATIVE PRINCIPLES. 
handicapped in the struggle for life, through lack of innate adaptation. 
Mau was probably fully adapted in constitutional character to warm 
climates before the arts of clothing and house-building had arisen; 
but we may well believe that these arts were found of the utmost 
importance when tribes began to invade the colder climates, or when 
cold weather invaded their native lands; and that it was in conse- 
quence of these arts that permanent colonies in the colder regions 
became possible. How then shall we account for the constitutional 
adaptations of the Kskimo race—adaptations extending even to the 
tissues of the body, so that they are incased with a layer of fat just 
beneath the skin, rendering the same kind of protection from the cold 
that the whale receives from his blubber?* It seems probable that 
we have in this case an illustration of the way in which accommoda- 
tion prepares for, and leads up to, certain conditions producing selec- 
tion. In the remote ancestors of the Eskimo, the habit of protecting 
from the cold by clothing and other arts undoubtedly preceded the 
establishing of the racial characters by which they are now in a meas- 
ure protected; but the devices of the accommodating faculties were 
not sufficient to prevent those endowed with even slightly developed 
constitutional powers for withstanding the cold from enjoying some 
advantage in meeting the conditions of life, and so being gradually 
selected. If this is a true interpretation of the case, it illustrates 
what Professor Baldwin calls ‘‘organic selection’’ and Professor Lloyd 
Morgan calls ‘‘accumulation of coincident variations.”’ The import- 
ance of this principle in preserving certain creatures, when subjected 
to heavy change within the period of any one generation, can not be 
questioned. The necessity for powers of accommodation in order to 
meet successfully great changes is of two kinds: First, for power to 
provide against great alternations in conditions that come to each gen- 
eration, such as changes in temperature and changes in the degree of 
moisture; and second, for power to meet new sets of conditions, to 
which the race has, in its previous experience, never been continuously 
exposed. For the former of these classes of changes, many species of 
the lowest animals and large numbers of plants are as fully equipped 
as the higher animals, including man; but the nature of the equipment 
is, in the case of the plants, wholly physiological, and, in the case of 
* In ‘‘Greenland Icefields and Life in the North Atlantic,’’ by G. Frederick 
Wright and Warren Upham, I find the following quotation from F. A. Cook, eth- 
nologist of the first Peary North Greenland Expedition, concerning this character 
in the Eskimo: ‘The muscular outlines of the body are nearly obliterated from 
the fact that they have immediately beneath the skin a layer of blubber, or areolar 
tissue, which protects them against extreme cold.” 
