ENTOZOA. 179 
developed state with head furnished on both sides with an ex- 
tremely simple fossette, and with single or double rows of ovaries. 
Sp. Ligula simplicissima Brems., Icon. Helminth. Tab. x11. fig. 1; in 
different species of fresh-water fishes in the abdominal cavity (Fasciola 
intestinalis L., Der Riemenwiirm, Fischrieme, Strap-worm. It is difficult 
in this state to distinguish the species: in Cyprinus carassius, CREPLIN 
found a species with two longitudinal streaks, Ligula digramma. 'The 
Ligule met with in birds have one row or two of genital organs: Ligula 
uniserialis Rup., Entozoor. Hist. nat. Tab. 1x. fig. 1. [In fact Lig. simpli- 
cissitma of fishes is the undeveloped state of Lig. sparsa or Lig. serialis of 
water-fowls. Von SrmBoLp Band wu. Blasen-wiirmer, s. 41. | 
Bothriocephalus Rup. Body elongate, depressed, articulate. 
Head somewhat tumid, oval or sub-quadrangular, with two or four 
opposite bothria or fossettes. 
Comp. F. 8. Lruckart, Zoologische Bruchstiicke 1. Helmstadt, 1810, 
4to, mit 2 Kupfert. D. F. Escuricur Anatomisch-physiolog. Untersuch- 
ungen tiber die Bothriocephalen, mit 3 Kupfer. 1840, 4t0. (a reprint from 
the Act. Leop. Carol. Vol. x1x. Supplem.) 
Sp. Bothriocephalus latus (Tenia lata of Authors). BREMSER Ueb. leb. 
Wiirmer, Tab. 11. f. 1—12, the broad Tape-worm; this species lives in the 
small intestines of man, and attains sometimes a length of twenty feet ; it 
is especially met with in Russia and Switzerland, in Germany and Holland 
less frequently. Comp. below, on Tenia solium. 
Bothriocephal. punctatus Rup., Lruckart, Zool. Bruchstiicke 1. Tab. t. 
f. 16, Tab. 11. fig. 40, Escur. 1.1, Tab. 111. figs. r8—28 ; in the Turbot and 
other species of Plewronectes, and in other marine fishes, especially in 
Cottus scorpio. The several joints are multiplied by transverse partition, 
just as a multiplication of individuals takes place in Nais by growth. The 
transverse partition commences before the genital organs are developed. 
The young animals consist of a head and a small number only of joints. 
Probably each animal performs annually a determinate circuit of develop- 
ment. When it has cast off its joints mature and full of eggs in the 
summer or autumn, new joints begin to grow; in winter no eggs are found, 
and even occasionally in large individuals no developed genitals. Probably 
a similar renewal of the animal occurs also in Bothriocephalus latus (and in 
Tenia), when the new joints are developed in the part that succeeds the 
head, the so-called neck, which becomes marked off in joints. In this 
way may be explained what Escuricut observed in a sufferer from Both. 
latus, that amongst the pieces cast off, the subsequent piece did not fit on 
to that which had preceded, but on the contrary was similar to it ; narrower 
and more imperfect joints had in the meantime been developed into broader. 
Sub-gen. Schistocephalus Creri. Head triangular, obtuse, bifid at 
the extremity. 
Sp. Schistocephalus dimorphus, Bothriocephalus solidus, Tenia gasterostei 
ABILDGARD, Skrivter of naturh, Selskabet 1. 1790, Tab. v. fig. 1, BREMSER, 
12—2 
