INSECTA. 347 
Hjusd. Synopsis Hymenopterologie Scandinavie. Lund., 1840, 
4to. (Of this the first part alone, which treats of the genus Crabo, is 
known to me). 
A. LEPELETIER DE Sarnt-Farceau, Histoire Naturelle des I, nsectes 
Hyménoptéres. Paris, 1836—1846, 8vo, av. Pl., rv. Vol. (the last 
part by Bruxxf). 
This order is distinguished by four naked, membranous wings. 
Grorrroy united the Vewroptera with it; Linnzvs, however, had 
already (in the sixth edition of the Systema Nature, 1748) distin- 
guished this order; and to the present day it has been preserved in 
systematic arrangements. The Newroptera have usually retiform 
wings, with numerous small cells; in the Hymenoptera they are 
merely veined, and the under wings are commonly smaller than the 
upper. The lower jaws are mostly elongated, and form with the 
under lip a kind of proboscis by which fluids are conducted to the 
cesophagus. The under jaws serve not for manduecation, but for the 
gnawing off matters with which these insects construct their nests, 
for the bearing of burdens, &c. There are three simple eyes pre- 
sent ; the compound eyes are large, especially in the bees. The 
foot (tarsus) has constantly five joints. The abdomen of the 
female is almost always armed at the extremity with a sting, or 
with a borer for laying eggs. Already had it been justly remarked 
by Artistotie’, that the two-winged insects are distinguished by a 
sting in front, and the four-winged by a sting behind ; the first 
wound in order to feed, the last to defend or to avenge themselves, 
In some species there are wingless individuals, of which more 
hereafter. The hind wings have at the anterior margin, nearly in 
the middle, a row of stiff hairs or hooklets (hamuli), placed at equal 
distances, and only visible when magnified, by which they are 
fixed fast to the posterior or inner margin of the fore wings, and in 
flying lie in the same plane with these. It is especially in this 
order that in the determination of the genera use may be made of 
the veins and cells of the wings. JURINE has for this purpose 
devised a terminology, of which we must give a short account. His 
names have all a reference to the fore wing. The first vein of the up- 
per wing, that next to the anterior or outer margin, he names radius, 
the second, that lies more inwards, cubitus. These two terminate 
1 Terpdmrepa...dmicOskevrpd. eore* Olmrepa de... éumpooObxevrpa, ARIST. Hist, A nim. 
L. 1, cap. 5, med. 
