INSECTA. 361 
Comp. on this genus WESTMAEL, Monogr. des Odynéres de la Belgique, 
Bruxelles, 1833, 8vo, (Ann. des Sc. nat. Xxx. 1833, pp. 426—432) ; Hur- 
RICH-ScHZFFER, Deutschl. Ins. Heft 173, 176 ; L&on-Durour, Mém. pour 
servir a U Hist. de Vindustrie et des métamorphoses des Odynéres, Ann. des. 
Se. nat. 2e Série, Tom. x1. 1809. Zool. pp. 85—103. (Odynerus rubicola) ; 
AUDOUIN, Observations sur les mewrs des Odynéres, ib. pp. 104—113. 
b) With first two joints of abdomen coarctated to form a petiole, the first narrow 
ob-conical, the second sub-campanulate. 
Sub-genus: Hwmenes Latr. (Zethus Fasr:, Discoclius Latr.) 
Sp. ELumenes coarctata, Vespa coronata PAnz., GEOFFR. Jns. I. Pl. XVI. 
fig. 2; Panzer, Deutschl. Ins., Heft 64, Tab. 126, and Vespa coarctata 
Panz. ibid. 63, Tab. 6; Vespa pomiformis, Panz. ib. 63, Tab. 7, fem. &e. 
b) Social. Mandibles subquadrate, obliquely truncated and 
denticulate at apex. Lingula little elongate, tripartite, with middle 
part bifid. Four glandular points at apices of lingula. Labial 
' 
palps quadriarticulate, maxillary sexarticulate. Cubital cells three. 
Vespa (Species from genus Vespa L., Vespa, Polistes LATR.) 
In wasps the upper lip (/abrwm) is hidden behind the head-shield 
(clypeus) and upper jaws (hintere Zunge, Treviranus, Verm. Schr. 
u. Tab. xv. figs. 7, 8,9, 1’). Close under the upper-lip is found a 
valve, which Savieny names epipharynx or epiglossa (vordere 
Zunge Treviranus). The hypopharynx of Savieny (Klappe TRE- 
virANuS, l. 1. s. 134, Tab. xv. figs. 6—8, letter v.) is a valve closing 
a cavity which was discovered by Brants, and named gluten-cawity 
(see his work cited above, p. 452, Tijdschr. voor. Nat. Gesch. vu. bl. 
97) ; in this cavity, not unlike the buccal sacs of certain mammals, 
the wasps keep small pieces of wood for building their nests’. The 
wasp’s nest consists of a kind of paper, prepared from small pieces 
of old wood and bark of trees ; they gnaw off the pieces with their 
upper jaws; the cakes are usually horizontal ; the uppermost are 
formed first and afterwards the lower ; they hang together by little 
pedicles, and the uppermost of all is fixed to the common covering ; 
for most wasps form a common covering for their nests, whilst bees 
merely hide their waxen dwellings in hollow trees or under the 
ground. A wasps nest either hangs freely in the air, or is formed 
under ground or in cavities of trees. The cells are hexangular, 
perpendicular, and generally with the opening facing downwards. 
1 On the under-lip (ligula) and the other parts of the mouth in wasps, comp. the fig. 
in ReaumorR, Mém. s. l. Ins. vi. Pl. 16, fig. 2. 
