INSECTA. 363 
Family XVI. Heterogyna. Females (amongst the solitary) or 
neuters (amongst the social) apterous; males less than females. 
Wings not plicate, with cells often few, incomplete. First joint of 
posterior tarsi not dilated. Females and neuters in some furnished 
with a sting, in others with anal glands that secrete a peculiar 
acid. Ligula small, membranous, round, excavated or hooded. 
Antenne geniculate. 
Phalanx I. Socialia or Formicarie. Males females and neuters, 
or abortive females. Neuters apterous, without ocelli, with head 
very large, and labium large, descending under the mandibles. 
Mandibles strong, often denticulate. Antenne filiform or subin- 
crassated towards the apex, with first jot very long, cylindrical 
or obconical. Petiole of abdomen formed of one or two globose 
nodes. 
Formica L. 
Ants (fourmis, Ameisen, mieren). The females have wings that 
easily fall off, or are stript off by themselves after copulation. The 
sexless individuals on the contrary are without wings, and without 
simple eyes (ocel/i) also ; they are, like the working bees, imperfect 
females, as appears also from the observation of Huser, who fre- 
quently saw males copulate with them, but the act always caused 
the death of the neuters. The males and females are found as per- 
fect insects in the nests for a short time only, for they desert them 
as soon as they have gotten their wings. The males are smaller 
than the females, and have also a smaller head and smaller upper 
jaws, but larger eyes. These animals live together socially, construct 
for themselves nests of earth, leaves, straw!, &c., in which other insects 
and their larvee often reside, as those of Cetonia and other Coleoptera, 
especially Brachelytra, which in these last times has given occasion 
to much inquiry among entomologists*. Above the place where 
they dwell the ants raise small hillocks or round heaps of earth. 
Other species live in hollow stems of trees. Along straight roads 
1 Hence there exists a species of vegetable manure and a high temperature in an 
ant’s nest, which continues even after it has been deserted by its inhabitants. ROBERT, 
Ann. des Sc. nat. sec. Série, xviit. Zool. 158. 
? On insects living in ants’ nests, see amongst others: MANNERHEIM, Bullet. de la 
Soc. invp. de Moscou, xvi. 1843, pp. 70—78, M&KLIN, ibid. x1x. 1846, pp. 157—187, 
and especially Fr. MAERKEL in GERMAR’S Zeitschr. f. d. Entomol. 11. 1841, pp. 20— 
225, wid. V. 1844, s. 193—271. 
