400 CLASS VIII. 
Episema OCHSENH., Cymatophora TREITSCHKE (T'ethea OCHSENH. ), 
Bryophila TreitscuKe (Pacilia ScurRank, Ocnsenu.), Diphthera 
Hvesn., OcHseNH., Acronycta OCHSENH. 
Comp. Lncycl. méth., Hist. nat., Ins. Tom, vit. 1811, pp. 218—360 
(article Noctuelle), TREITSCHKE, Schmetterlinge von Europa, Vter Bd. 1825, 
1826, WESTWOOD, (reneric Synopsis, pp. 93—98, &c. 
Sp. Noctua nupta L., Sepp, Nederl. Ins. 1. 4¢ Stuk, Tab. vil., LYONET 
Ouvr. posth. Pl. 23; body 1” 2” long, points of fore-wings in flight 
distant 2” 9’” or more from each other ; fore-wings above grey, passing 
into bluish-green, with dark-brown flamed stripes, beneath white, with 
three black bands; under-wings above carmine-red, with two broad 
black bands, which are present on the under-side also, but on a white 
ground, which towards the inner margin passes into red. The caterpillar 
lives on the willow. A still larger, and with us a rarer species, has on the 
under-wing a blue band on a black ground: Noctua fraxini L., R@sEL, 
Ins. tv. Tab. 28, fig. 1, Sepp, Nederl. Ins. 1. 4e St. Tab. XVIII—Xx. 
—Noctua pronuba L., Triphena pronuba TREITSCHKE, Ra@sEL, Ins. Iv. 
Tab. 32, fig. 6, VERHUELL in Sepp, Nederl. Ins. vi. Tab. 34, figs. 7, 9 ; 
the upper-wings brown, cinnamon-coloured of different shades ; the under- 
wings yellow, with black band close along the margin ; breadth of wings in 
flight 2”, length of body about 10”. A very common species, which in 
the middle of summer is often seen in houses, being attracted towards 
evening by the light. A lighter prothorax distinguishes it from Noctua 
(Triphena) innuba TREITSCHKE, where the thorax is of a single colour; 
this last has the fore-wings less flammate, often almost entirely of one 
colour, and ordinarily a light coffee-colour (café au lait); Ra@sE, ibid. 
figs. I, 2, 4, 5, SEPP Tab. 33,-fig. 6, Tab. 34, figs. 8, 10. Linnaus 
united both species under his Noctua pronuba, and perhaps they are only 
varieties.—Noctua piniperda, Trachea piniperda TREITSCHKE, PANZER, 
Deutschl. Ins. Heft 83, Tab. 24, (Bombyx spreta FaABr., and Noctua 
flammea, ejusd.,) Sepp, Nederl. Ins. 11. Tab. 34, RavznBurG, Forst-Ins. 
11. Tab. x. fig. 4; half an inch long, flight 15 to 16” broad, upper- 
wings brown-red and grey, with two whitish spots in the middle, hind- 
wings dark-grey, under-side of wings single shade of grey, shining ; the 
caterpillar green and white striped longitudinally. This caterpillar occa- 
sionally causes great mischief in forests; see LoscucE, Naturgesch. der 
Forl-oder Kiefferrawpe, Naturforscher, Xxt. 1785, s. 27—65, Tab. m1; 
as in Holland (particularly in the province of Gelderland) in 1808, and 
especially in 1844 ; comp. hereon A. Brants in the Vaderl. Letteroefen- 
ingen, 1844, Mengelwerk, bl. 525—536; and on the destruction in the 
pine-forests of the province of Utrecht, H. VERLOREN in the Alg. Kunst-en 
Letter-bode, 1846, Nos. 13, 15, and 1847, No. 9. 
b) Last joint of palps equal to second or longer than it, slender, sub- 
naked. 
Erebus Larr. (Thysania Daum.) 
Sp. Noctua Strix L., Fasr., Noctua Agrippina Cramer, Uitl. kap. 1. Tab. 
87, 88, fig. a; Cuvinr R. ani. éd, ill., Ins. Pl. 154, from Surinam. The 
