= —7T eewnn S 
2 
INSECTA. 425 
Sp. Ephemera Swammerdamia Latr., Palingenia longicauda Picter, Swam- 
MERD. |. 1. Tab. xu1. ;—Hphemera vulgata L., Hourruyn, Natuurl. His- 
tovre, x11¢e Stuk. Pl. 94, fig. 1, Prornr, 1. 1. Pl. 3, &. 
Family XXXII. Perlarie. Mandibles distinct, denticulate. 
Maxillz with palps five-jointed, filiform or setaceous, and accessory 
palp, mostly biarticulate (galea) ; labial palps triarticulate ; lingula 
emarginate. Antenne long, setaceous, multiarticulate. Win 
(insect at rest) cruciate, incumbent on the back horizontally ; 
inferior broader than superior, folded longitudinally like a fan. 
Tarsi with three joints, the last with two claws, and intermediate 
pulvillus. 
Perla GEOFFR. (Species of Phryganea L., Semblis Fasr. in 
part). Characters of family. 
These insects were first distinguished by GEOorrroy as a separate 
genus, whilst Linnazus placed them amongst the Phryganew, to 
which they have some relation by the broad posterior wings. Till 
within a few years it was generally supposed by writers that the 
Perle have a complete metamorphosis, in consequence of an imper- 
fect observation of Nouuet, recorded by REaumurR. Picter however 
has announced the metamorphosis to be incomplete ; the larve do 
not live in cases, but mostly in running water, by preference under 
stones. Some have at the thorax external respiratory organs ; others 
breathe through closed stigmata, which have the same situation as 
the future apertures of the perfect insect, and take in the air by 
endosmose. They have constantly two threads at the hinder part of 
the body, which sometimes disappear in the perfect insect, but in 
many species persist at that period. The males of some species have 
short wings, merely rudimentary. 
Comp. on this family, of which more than a hundred species from all 
parts of the world are now known (through later investigations and dis- 
coveries), Picter, Mém. sur les larves de Némoures, Ann. des Sc. nat. XXVI. 
1832, pp. 369—391. Pl. 14, 15; ejusd. Mém. sur les metamorphoses des 
Perles, Ann. des Se. nat. XXVIII. 1833, pp. 44—65, Pl. v. vi. and his Hist. 
nat. des Insectes Névroptéres, Premiére Monographie, Famille des Perlides. 
Genbve, 1841. 8vo. 
Sub-genera: Perla Larr., mihi (Kollaria Picter, Husthenia 
Westwoon, Pteronarcys Newm., Perla Picrer), Capnia Picrer. 
Anematwra mihi (Nematowra Larr., Picter). 
Note.—This family with the following approaches by natural afli- 
nity very nearly to the Orthoptera. 
