INSECTA, 431 
even four) joints. The character also of a single claw alone at the 
end of the tarsus is not constant. 
Comp. on this family, RéEaumuR, Mém. pour serv. a U Hist. des Ins. Tom. 
Iv, (Mém. 1 et 2), pp. 1—122; Ratzepure, Mediz. Zool. nm. pp. 214—228, 
Forst, Ins. ut. s. 188. 
Coccus L. (in part). Wings two and often poisers in males; ’ 
females apterous. Abdomen in males with two terminal sete. 
Rostrum of females short, with long exsertile sete concealed and 
inflected in abdomen. 
Sub-genera: Lecanium Inurc., Coceus Burm., Pseudococcus Wrst. 
To this division, and indeed especially to Lecanium, what we advanced 
in the characters of the family respecting the females has reference ; to this 
genus alone the name Gallinsecta ig appropriate. To it belongs Coccus 
Ilicis L., Lecanium Micis Iuui¢., Réaumor, op. cit. Pl. v.; in the south of 
Europe and in the East,—the hermes of the Arabians, from which word the 
appellation karmozijn, crimson, for a red colour, is derived. This insect, 
formerly used in medicine, now only as a dye, has however lost much of 
its value since the introduction of the Cochenille from America (Mexico), 
which first came to Europe in 1526. The last-named species, Coccus cacti 
L., lives upon the Nopal, Cactus coccinellifer (Opuntia coccinellifera 
DeEcanD.), cultivated with that view. See figures of the insect in Dumérin, 
Consid. gen. s. 1. Ins. Pl. 39, fig. 2, Branpt u. Ratzes. Medizin, Zool. u. 
Tab. 26, figs. 5—12, 16, 17, Burmerster, Handb. der Entomol. 1. Taf. 
I. fig. 1. It is computed that 70,000 dried insects go to a pound of 
cochenille, and formerly 880,000 pounds of this dye were imported. Comp. 
on the Cochenille, Natwurlijke Historie van de Cochenille, bewezen met 
awuthentique Documenten (door M. Dz RuvsscHerR), Amsterd, 1729, 8vo; 
THIERRY DE Ménonvitxe, Traité de la culture du Nopal et de Véducation 
de la Cochenille. Avy. pl. Cap francais, Paris et Bordeaux, 1787. 8vo. 
On the introduction of this insect into our East Indian possessions, a 
report may be found in the Aly. Konst-en Letterbode, 1829. No. 30. 
Another species, Coccus jficus FApr, (probably a species of Lecanium), 
lives in Bengal on different species of Ficus and other plants; the young 
insects are seated close together on the young shoots, and round about the 
place where they have sucked themselves fast, there drops a thick fluid, 
which hardens into a tough transparent substance, the gum-resin, gummni- 
lacea. The dye of this substance is used under the name of lac (lac-dye, 
lac-lake), as a very beautiful substitute for cochenille, and the shell-lac 
deprived of the colouring matter as a component of lac-varnish, of sealing- 
wax, and as an isolating body in electrical apparatus. See on this insect 
Kerr, Phil. Transact. Vol. uxxt. Sor the year 1781, pp. 374—382. 
Coccus manniparus EHRENB., Symbol. phys., Ins. Dec. t. Tab, 10; comp. 
GEIGER’S Journal der Pharmacie, Juli 1830; on Tamarix mannifera in the 
neighbourhood of Sinai, &e. 
