438 CLASS VIII. 
of the head 2” 6’ long). According to MErIAN this insect at night-time 
diffuses a clear light ; which, however, is denied by later writers. As 
little, according to Bowrine (Amn. of nat. Hist. XIV. p. 427), is the Chinese 
species, Fulgora candelaria L., phosphorescent. In Europe, especially in 
the southern parts, Mulgora Huropwa L., Pseudophana europea, is met 
with. See a fig. in Panzer, Deutschl. Ins. Heft 20, Tab. 16, and Natur- 
forscher, 1X. Tab. 11. 
B. Cicada stridulantes (Cicade mannifere). Males furnished 
with a musical organ at the base of abdomen on each side. 
Antenne with seven joints. QOcelli three. Tarsi in some (genus 
Tibicen LATR.) biarticulate. 
Cicada OLiy. (species from genus Cicada L., Cicade manni- 
ere), Tettigonia Fawr. 
Cicade. These insects are found in warm countries alone, in 
woody districts especially. The females, when about to lay their 
eggs, perforate the branches by means of two serrated horny plates, 
enclosed between two jointed valves and supported at the back by a 
grooved horny part, formed of two pieces which have coalesced’. 
The larve on leaving the egg quit the place, and betake themselves 
underground, where they suck the roots. Here too they change 
into nymphs. 
The ancients made much of these animals and considered them to 
be favourites of the Muses, whilst living on dew at the top of high 
trees they heralded the approach of summer with their clear song, 
and resembling the gods, as is sung in an Anacreontic ode, had like 
them no blood in their bodies’. 
The musical organ of the male is situated on each side at the base 
of the abdomen and covered by a valve. A horny, triangular 
partition corresponding to the entothorax, separates the two lateral 
cavities. Hach of these, when viewed from the ventral aspect, presents 
in front a white folded membrane, but down at the bottom, a stretched, 
thin and transparent lamina, which R&eavumurR calls le miroir, the 
looking-glass (Mém. v. Pl. 17, figs. 1, 2, 3, 6 m). If the part be 
opened from the dorsal surface, another folded membrane is seen, the 
1 Réaumur, Mém. v. pp. 17o—178, Pl. 11, WESTWOOD, Introd. I. p. 424; 
DoyERE gives a different explanation of the instrument, and thinks that the lateral 
plates serve for fixing and that the middle piece by pushing penetrates the wood. See 
Ann. des Sc. nat. sec. Série, vit. 1837, Zool. pp. 193—199, Pl. 8. 
2 See AristoreLes, de Hist. Animal. L. v. c. 24 (Ed. Scuy.) vulgo e. 30. 
