eT, 
‘s 
INSECTA. 449 
of it, then we cannot in any way look upon Oxtrvier as its founder, 
because Dr Grrr had already collected into a distinct division, to 
which he gave the name of Dermaptera, the self-same insects which 
are now arranged in the order of the Orthoptera. Mém. pour servir 
a Hist. des Ins. 1773, p. 309. He characterised these insects 
by their leathery shield-covers and the parts subservient to mas-, 
tication’. 
Many orthopterous insects have two or three simple eyes. The 
antenne always consist of a great number of joints. The left upper- 
jaw is on the whole more toothed than the right. The under-lip is 
divided into four lobes, of which the two exterior correspond with 
the gale of the under-jaws. 
The first thoracic segment is generally large. Ordinarily there are 
four wings; sometimes, as in the mole-cricket and many species of 
Phasma, the anterior wings are very small, the posterior large; in 
Phyllium, on the contrary, the hind-wings are entirely absent, and 
there are only fore-wings or shield-covers; the instance of Perla- 
morpha Curtis is entirely peculiar, where shield-covers are wanting 
and hind-wings alone are present. The joints of the tarsus are in 
most fleshy or spongy beneath; the number of these joints is in 
every species the same for all the feet, and varies from three to five. 
All the Orthoptera hitherto known are terrestrial, during the 
different states of metamorphosis. Some are carnivorous or 
omnivorous, but the greater number feed on plants. But some 
species often appear in great numbers and are very ravening, and 
may cause terrible devastation ; this is especially the case with the 
locusts, a dreaded plague of the East. 
The intestinal canal is on the whole short, and even in those 
species in which it has the greatest relative length, it is to the 
length of the body only as 1} or 2:1. The esophagus has an 
expansion which may be considered as a crop or fore-stomach ; this, 
in the mole-cricket, is situated quite laterally. The muscular 
stomach is small, orbicular, armed internally with horny teeth, 
which are arranged in six rows. Round the inferior orifice of this 
stomach are blind appendages of variable number ; the genus Acheta, 
for instance, has only two such, Gryllus Fapr. (Acrydium Larr.) 
six, Mantis and Blatta eight. Of the numerous vasa urinaria in 
this order we have spoken above (p. 256), as also of the presence of 
1 Fapricius named these insects Jonata. 
VOL. I. 29 
