INSECTA. 505 
wards ; besides the head there are thirteen rings; no eyes are 
present ; the feet have four joints and a strong claw at the end. 
The pupe, which lie in a hollow clod of earth, have the cases of 
the wings projecting beyond the posterior margin of those of the 
elytra. See the beautiful figures in the Mém. sur les métamorphoses 
des Coléoptéres of W. Die Haan, Nouv. Ann. du Muséum tv. 1835, 
pp. 125—164, pl. 10—19. 
Phalanx I. Lucanidea or Priocera. Antenne with ten joints, 
club pectinate, with lamelle sub-parallel, and almost perpendicular 
to the axis. (Hlytra always covering the apex of abdomen. Ab- 
domen with only five distinct segments underneath.) 
The larvee live on decayed wood and reside in hollow stems of 
trees. This group is allied indeed to the following, but still differs 
by some anatomical characters. The larve have a nervous system, 
of which the ganglia of the thorax and the abdomen are separated 
from each other by considerable distances ; whilst in the following 
group they lie very close together, forming as it were a varicose 
string. In the proper genus Lucanus the nervous system of the 
perfect insect has quite a different form from that of the Scarabeida ; 
the second and third thoracic ganglia are separated from each other, 
and the abdomen has six distinct ganglia, whilst in the Scarabeida 
the second and third thoracic ganglia are fused together, and in the 
abdomen, in place of a chain of ganglia, a single central nervous mass 
alone succeeds to this thoracic ganglion, from which mass the nerves 
of the abdomen arise at acute angles (like the last spinal nerves in 
the Cauda equina of mammals). 
See the, figures of BhaNcHARD Ann. des Sc. nat., 3iéme Série, Tom. v. 
Pl. 8, fig. 1, in Lucanus cervus, and in Cuvier R. An. éd. ill., Ins. Pl. 3, 
in the cockchafer. As perfect insect Passalus follows the Scarabeida in 
the form of the nervous system, and therefore is referred by BLANCHARD to 
this group, and separated from Zucanus. 
A. Ligula membranous, mostly bilobed and penicillate. Antenne smooth, 
mostly broken, with first joint elongate. Scutellum between the base of elytra 
at the beginning of the suture. 
Incanus L. (in part). Mandibles exsert beyond head, mostly 
much larger in males, porrect. Labrum mostly conjoined with 
clypeus or none. Maxille membranous. Antenne broken. Feet 
often elongate, especially the anterior. Body somewhat de- 
pressed. 
