THE RED SALAMANDER. 729 
Pseudotriton ruber, BAIRD. 
_ Pseudotriton sticiiceps,* BAIRD. 
Pseudotriton montanus, BAIRD, 
Pseudotriton flavissimus, HALLOWELL. 
Color above red, with numerous nearly circular small black spots; beneath less vivid 
and immaculate, except in the gular region ; in alcohol the color is dark yellowish or 
light brownish, and the spots brown; head in perpendicular longitudinal sections 
nearly a perfect triangle, in width equal to the body and not separable from it; 
muzzle round; sphenoidal and vomerine teeth contiguous at the anterior margin of the 
former, the latter continuing outwardly to posterior of inner nares; eyes prominent ; 
nostril minute ; postorbital and parotid grooves indistinct ; gular fold strongly marked ; 
costal furrows fourteen to sixteen; tail and anal region with numerous circular folds 
indistinct above and disappearing distally ; a longitudinal groove runs from the anus 
towards the extremity of the tail; skin upon the back forming a longitudinal ridge 
from the nape backwards; limbs moderate, hind ones much the stronger; inner toes 
longest; tail round at the base, but compressed distally. Length, 5 inches; tail, 14 
inches ; head to gular fold, 2 inch; breadth of head, 4 inch. 
Habitat, Maine, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, Georgia, Florida, Texas, 
Minnesota, and Ohio. 
The Red Salamander is found under stones or in shallow water and 
marshes very early in the spring. On April 6, 1878, I found two near 
Vassar College in New York State, under a stone. When discovered 
they seemed to be alarmed and endeavored to get away, but when in 
marshes showed no disposition to stir. They are apparently nocturnal 
animals, remaining in concealment during the day and at night sally- 
ing forth in search of prey. Their food is mainly small worms, though 
Hallowell found in the stomach of one a coleopterous insect, and the tail 
and posterior limbs of a Salamander, probably Plethodon niger, and they 
are themselves devoured by the American Bittern, and doubtless many 
other animals in like manner prey upon them. In confinement they 
rarely leave the water in the daytime, but usually do so at night. 
The little ones may readily be confounded with the young of Plethodon 
erythronotus to which in color it bears a marked resemblance, but the 
attachment of the tongue is quite different. 
SPELERPES PORPHYRITICUS Green. 
Salmon-colored or Purple Salamander. 
Salamandra porphyritica, GREEN, KIRTLAND, HOLBROOK. 
Salamandra salmonea, STORER, HOLBROOK, DEKay. 
Pseudotriton salmoneus, BAIRD, HALLOWELL, ALLEN. 
*Cope makes sticticeps a sub-species with habitat South Carolina, and montanus also a 
sub-species with a range from Pennsylvania to South Carolina in Alleghany Mountains. 
