8 
directly in the formation of new colonies, but the swarming of the 
ants is a distinct biological phenomenon having for its object cross- 
fertilization. The kelep is completely socialized, like the honeybee, 
while the ant is not. The keleps and the honeybees live only in com- 
munities, while the ants at one stage of their life history leave the nest 
and meet the vicissitudes of independent existence as solitary indi- 
viduals, like the nonsocial insects. The social organization of the 
kelep represents a line of development distinct from that of the ants, 
and shows a relationship with the parasitic and predaceous wasps 
rather than with the true ants. 
SWARMING AND OTHER TIME SPECIALIZATIONS. 
The swarming of the ants is one of the many interesting phenomena 
which might be grouped under such an expression as biological 
synchronism. Species are organisms, or at least organizations, and 
in some of them there is manifested a simultaneity or time codrdina- 
tion of the numerous members corresponding to the orderly develop- 
ment of the cells of which the body of the individual is built. A 
flock of birds or a school of fish, with the individuals separated at 
equal distances and executing all their movements In exact unison, 
is a striking example of such synchronism, but other no less myste- 
rious adjustments are necessary to enable animals and plants to keep 
so exactly the annual appointments by which the interbreeding of 
the members of the species is maintained. The climatic vicissi- 
tudes of temperate regions make complete simultaneity difficult, and 
have led us to ascribe the annual recurrence of events to the change 
of seasons rather than to recondite internal causes. The thirteen- 
year and seventeen-year trysts kept by the periodical cicadas over 
wide regions show, however, that more than sum totals of heat, cold, 
and food are involved, even in temperate climates. 
Under the equable conditions of tropical existence, where the 
seasonal explanation entirely fails, there are biological events which 
might seem to show that plants and animals not only have drill- 
masters but time locks. Some of the Asiatic bamboos grow for 
thirty years or more by vegetative increase alone without producing 
flowers or fruit, and then all the members of the stock blossom, bear 
seeds, and die together, without reference to the age, place, or con- 
dition of the individual plants which may have been propagated from 
cuttings and carried to remote parts of the earth. 
ANNUAL MATING CONCOURSES OF TERMITES AND TRUE ANTS. 
Nests of West African “ white ants,” or termites, are crowded for 
weeks with winged individuals, but not one is to be found outside 
until some moist afternoon or evening, when the young sexual in- 
