28 
fulvum seattered over an area 90 yards in diameter, and states that 
she has been “ unable to find any other colony of Stenammas in its 
vicinage.” ¢ 
THE BUMBLEBEE SOCIETY. 
Interbreeding maintained by free flight of males during the period of emergence 
of young females. 
Colony founded by a solitary fecundated female, the males and workers not 
surviving the winter. 
Workers permanently winged like the sexual adults. 
The organization of many of the social wasps is essentially the 
same as that of the bumblebee. This close similarity of social habits 
has been accepted by many entomologists as an evidence of relation- 
ship between the two groups, but the present tendency is toward the 
view that the social organization has been attained independently. 
THE HONEYBEE SOCIETY. 
lnterbreeding maintained by the free flight of males during the swarming sea- 
son, when they are permitted to feed in any of the nests. The young 
queens emerge from the nests for a nuptial flight, in which fecundation is 
accomplished. 
Colony established by subdivision of the workers of an older swarm, accom- 
pained either by the old queen or by a young queen still unfertilized. 
Males short lived, usually not tolerated in the nests except during the period 
of emergence of newly adult females. 
Females permanently winged, but the wings used, normally, only in the nuptial 
flight and in that of swarming. 
Workers permanently winged, of one caste, or of slightly different castes, num- 
bered by thousands. The workers of different colonies are not actively 
hostile except to marauding intruders. 
THE KELEP SOCIETY. 
Jnterbreeding probably maintained by the visits of the males to the various 
adjacent nests; no concourse or nuptial flight of females. 
Colony established by a body of workers from an older community. The work- 
ers carry eggs, larvee, and queen with them for the complete equipment of 
the new nest. 
Males permanently winged, but apparently not inclined to fly; tolerated in all 
nests, and probably present throughout the year. 
Females winged at first, but not known to fly or emerge from the nest. 
Workers wingless, all of one form or caste, numbered by hundreds; not actively 
hostile. 
In other genera of the same family normally wingless queens are 
frequently found. In some only wingless queens are known; in others 
some are winged and others wingless, with no differences in other 
a Fielde, A. M., 1904, Biological Bulletin, 7: 245. 
