30 
or actively control the colony when once established, but even then 
there is an important difference in social economy, as pointed out in 
another place. The success or vital efficiency of a colony of ants or 
termites depends upon the number of sexual insects or royalties it 
can produce, but among the bees and keleps prosperity is measured, 
primarily, by the number of workers, which have become quite as 
necessary as the queens in the establishment of new communities. 
The founding of a new colony among the ants and termites is an 
incident or direct sequel of the precess of sexual reproduction. The 
sexual insects emerge simultaneously from the different nests of the 
species for their mating flight, but do not return, the few survivors 
remaining to found new colonies where chance has carried them. 
The workers do not figure in the swarming process at all; they func- 
tion merely as nurses-to assist the queen in raising their sexually 
mature brothers and sisters. 
The honeybees have modified this programme to the extent that 
the young queen does not attempt, by herself, to establish a new com- 
munity, but returns to her family after the mating flight. The 
keleps, however, have achieved a much more complete separation of 
their political system from strictly reproductive complications. The 
foundation of a new colony not only does not depend upon the initia- 
tive of the queen, but may be undertaken quite without her presence. 
Cross-fertilization or interbreeding among the members of the 
species is undoubtedly a necessity for the keleps, as for all other highly 
developed organisms, but it may not be nearly as acute a requirement 
as among the termites, honeybees, and true ants, whose social systems 
make far greater demands for fecundity on the part of the queens. 
Tf, on the analogy of the bees, the eges of an unfertilized queen will 
produce only males, the deficiency of the latter sex would be auto- 
matically made good for that particular neighborhood at least. 
The predaceous habits, the winglessness of the workers, and the 
lack of any instinct to forage a long distance from the nest forbid 
the formation by the kelep of large communities like those of the bees, 
but this need not keep us from appreciating the advantages of the 
kelep organization, which by its greater mobility enables the insects 
to keep nearer the source of supphes without being obliged to waste 
so much energy as do the ants in carrying in their food, and without, 
like the drivers, giving up a settled existence altogether. 
It becomes, also, even more obvious than before that the keleps may 
prove to have only the most superficial similarity to the ants, and 
that the social systems of the two groups may be of entirely independ- 
ent development. The striking parallel between the bees and the 
«The impregnation of the young queen bee is said to take place occasionally 
during the swarming fiight. 
