170 SYLVIADJ^L 



margined with white ; wing-coverts brown, broadly tipped with white, 

 forming two conspicuous wing-bands ; lower tail-coverts albescent or 

 very pale yellow; tail as in the breeding plumage; bill and legs 

 black ; irides brown. 



Length. — 6*5 to 7 inches, wing 3'5, tail 3"5, bill at front 0'5. 



Hob. — India generally to Nepaul. Affects, during winter, the paddy 

 fields, the banks of the River Indus, marshes and canals. Numerous 

 in Sind, on the Munchur ; also in Rajputana and the Deccan, Beloo- 

 chistan^ Afghanistan, and E. Turkistau. 



Gen. Anthus. — Bechst. 



Bill straight, short, and stouter than in Budytes ; wings, 1st to 3rd 

 quills longest; plumage spotted ; hind claw short and curved. 



Anthus arboreus, Bechst. Pipastesplumatus, Mull. ; P. E. 660,1 ; 

 N(Ctim. vogt. t. 84, 2; Gould. B. Eur. pi. 139. Anthus trivialis, Linn. 

 Si/s.Nat. Pipastes arboreus, Jerd. B. Lid. ii. p. 229, No. 597; Murray, 

 Hdhh., Zool., c^-c, Sind, p. 168. — The European Tree Pipit. 



Head, nape, back and scapulars dusky olive green, the feathers 

 centred dark brown ; rump and upper tail-coverts duller olive green, 

 with no dusky strife; chin and throat fulvescent or fulvous white, with 

 dark brown spots on the throat; rest of under surface fulvescent, olive 

 on the flanks, and the under tail-coverts albescent; the breast streaked 

 with dark brown ; primaries, secondaries and tertiaries dark brown, 

 the primaries narrowly edged on their external webs with pale white ; the 

 secondaries and tips of the primaries white, the tertiaries broadly 

 margined with dusky olive; the wing- coverts brown, with yellowish 

 white tips ; tail brown, the feathei-s with pale edgings ; the outermost 

 feather white, except the basal fourth and margin of the inner web to 

 within one-fifth of the tip ; the next all brown, edged and tipped with 

 white; bill dusky, yellowish at base of lower mandible; legs pale 

 brown ; irides dai-k brown. 



Length. — 6*5 inches, wing 3*5, tail 2'5, bill at front 0-43, tarsus 0-8. 



Hah. — Europe, and India generally to Nepaul; Sind, Punjab, N. W. 

 Provinces, Oudh, Centi-al India, Beloochistan, S. and N. Persia, 

 Afghanistan ; Kutch, Kattiawai', N. Guzerat, Jodhpore, and the Deccan. 



Anthus spinoletta, ii/^)^. ; P.E. 661, 2; Naum.voqt. t. 85, 2,3,4; 

 Hume, Sir. F. i. 204 ; v. 345 ; vii. 521 ; Blanford, East. Persia, ii. p. 236; 

 Murray, Hdhk., Zool., S^c, Sind, p. 169.— The Water Pipit. 



" In the winter plumage the upper surface is a sort of olive brown, 

 with more or less of a faintly rufous tinge ; the rump uustriated ; the 

 head and back with dark hair brown centres to the feathers ; there is 

 a well-marked dull white stripe from the nostrils over the eye ; the 

 coverts and the quills are mostly hair brown, the former broadly 

 margined with brownish or olivaceous white, purer just at the tips of 

 the coverts, and the latter narrowly margined, the first few primaries 

 with greyish white, the rest with a sort of greenish or olivaceous white; 

 the tippings of the coverts form two tolerably well-marked wing bars; 

 the tertiaries, which are somewhat paler than the rest of the quills, are 



