NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 



g'. Hind toe (if present) short and inserted above the 



level of the rest, or else size small or medium 



(never as much as 3 feet long) ; loral and orbital 



regions fully feathered, and middle claw with edge 



not pectinated. 



A*. If more than 3 feet long, the hind toe decidedly 



elevated ; if under 3 feet long, the hind toe on 



same level v/ith anterior toes. 



Order Paludicolae. (Page 134.) 



A'. Never over 3 feet long (usually much less), the 



hind toe (if present) short and elevated, or 



else the claws excessivelj- lengthened and 



wings spurred. 



Order Limicolae. (Page 143.) 

 p. Lower portion of thighs feathered (or else middle and 

 outer toes united for at least half their length), the 

 bill if lengthened not grooved along the side.' 

 g^. Bill strong!}' hooked, with a distinct naked ecro at 

 base of upper mandible ; or if no naked cere, the 

 toes 2 in front and 2 behind. 

 h}-. Toes 3 in front, or else outer toe reversible. 



Order Raptores. (Page 218.) 

 h}. Toes 2 in front, 2 behind (outer too permanently 



reversed) Order Psittaci. (Page 268.) 



g''. Bill not stronglj- hooked, and without naked cere 

 at base of upper mandible ; or if with a cere, the 

 latter swollen and the bill straight, 

 /i*. Ilind toe small and elevated, or else bill with- 

 out soft swollen cere. 



Order Gallinae, (Page 184.) 



A'. Hind toe (or toes) well developed and on same 



level with anterior toes. 



t'. Bill with soft swollen cere at base of upper 



mandible. Order Columbae. (Page 210.) 



t*. Bill without soft swollen cere. 



/. Wings ver}' long, with 10 primaries, tail 

 of 10 feathers, and gape very wide 

 and deeply cleft, or else bill long 

 and slender, tongue extensile, and 

 secondaries only C in number. 

 Order Macrochires. (Page 297.) 

 /. Wings not very k)ng and gape not ver}' 

 wide nor deeply cleft, or else wing 



' Or else toes 2 in front and 2 bchiml, anJ lail-fcathcra stifT-poinlcJ (Order Aci). 



