ERJSMATVRA. 113 



upper parts more unifonn, and plumage everywhere of softer 

 texture. Eggs 2.47 X 1-70, pale butf, or palo creamy buff. Hab. 

 North America in general, breeding far northward; south, in winter, 

 to Jamaica, the Carolinas, Ohio River, and Lower California ; acci- 

 dental in Europe IGG. O. perspicillata (Linn.). Surf Scoter. 



Genus ERISMATURA Bonaparte. (Page 87, pi. XXVL, fig. 4.) 



Species. 



Common Ciiauacters (of American species). — Adult males with upper parts 

 uniform rich reddish chestnut ; head partly or entirely black, the bill fine light 

 blue in life. Females and young, dull grayish brown above, finely mottled (some- 

 times indistinctly barred) with paler; sides of head dull whitish, crossed by a 

 longitudinal dusky bar or band. 



a'. Width of bill near end .90-.95. 



Adult male : Above, including neck, bright reddish chestnut ; top of head 

 black ; entire side of head, below^ oycs, white ; lower parts, from chest back, 

 whitish (the feathers dark brownish gray immediately beneath the sur- 

 face, and this sometimes completely exposed by wearing away of the 

 light-colored tips), sometimes overlaid by a bright rusty wash or stain. 

 Adult female and young male: Above grayish brown, finely mottled and 

 sometimes indistinctly barred with grayish buff; top of head darker; 

 rest of head grayish white, crossed longitudinally by a stripe of mottled 

 brownish, from corner of mouth to ear-coverts; neck pale brownish 

 graj", lower parts dull whitish (on surface). Downy young : Above dark 

 smoky brown, darker on head ; a whitish spot on each side of back ; be- 

 low eye, from bill to occiput, a stripe of brownish white, and beneath 

 this a narrower one of duskj' brown, confluent with the brown of the 

 nape; beneath, graj-ish white, shading into sooty brown on chest. 

 Length about 13.50-lG.OO, wing 5.75-6.00, culmen about L50-1.60. 

 Eggs 2.42 X 1-80, oval or ovoid, white or pale butfv, with finclj- but dis- 

 tinctly granulated surface. Hab. Temperate Xorth America, south to 

 New Granada and West Indies. 



1G7. E. rubida (Wils.). Ruddy Duck. 



a'. Width of bill near end only .70-.85. 



Adult male: Head and neck (excei)t lower half of latter in front) uniform 

 black ; rest of plumage essentially as in corresponding stage of E. rubida. 

 Adult female : Similar to same sex of E. rubida, but darker and very dis- 

 tinctly barred on the sides and upper parts with light fulvous or bufty. 

 Hab. Southern South America. 



E. ferruginea EYTO>r. Ferruginous Duck.' 



^ Erumalura /crnijinca EvTOX, Mon. Anat. 1S3S, 170. 



