4CG NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 



a'. Inner webs of secondaries dusky next to shaft for much the greater part of 

 their length ; tail-feathers (except sometimes middle jiair) white at base; bill 

 from nostril not more than .55. 

 bK Wing 4.35, or more; lores never wholly deep black; nasal tufts always 

 whitish or grayish on toj) ; basal half of lower mandible light-colored, 

 except in summer adults. 

 c'. A more or loss distinct whitish spot on lower eyelid ; adult (and j-oung) 

 with breast distinctly undulated, or narrowly barred with grayish. 

 Summer adult: Above pale ash-gray, becoming white or grayish 

 white on forehead, superciliary region, hinder scapulars, lower 

 rump, and upper tail-coverts; lores chiefly blackish gray, but black 

 anteriorly and immediately next to eye; beneath white, the breast 

 and anterior portion of sides narrowly barred or undulated with 

 grayish. Waiter adult: Similar, but basal half of lower mandible 

 light brownish (horn-grayish in life), and lores chiefly light graj-ish 

 (sometimes even mixed with whitish). Yoit7ig in first winter: 

 Above dull grayish brown, sometimes tinged with light umber- 

 brown; wings and tail much duller black; greater wing-coverts 

 tipped (sometimes also narrowly edged) with pale brownish buflTj-; 

 white at base of quills indistinct (sometimes obsolete) ; ear-coverts 

 dusky brownish ; lower parts brownish white, more slronglj- tinged 

 with brown laterally, everywhere (except on chin and under tail- 

 coverts) very distinctly waved or narrowly barred with dusky 

 grayish. Young: Essentially like preceding, but hinder scapu- 

 lars, rump, and upper tail-coverts more or less distinctly undulated 

 with dusky, the greater wing-coverts, secondaries, and middle tail- 

 feathers tipped with pale rustj-, and anterior lower parts (in- 

 cluding whole breast and anterior portion of sides) ncarlj- uniform 

 pale grayish brown, the darker undulations appearing only on close 

 inspection. Length 9.25-10.75, wing 4.35-4.60, tail 4.50-4.70, bill 

 from nostril .50-.55, tarsus 1.02-1.05. Eggs 1.05 X -76. Sab. 

 Northern North America; south, in winter, to Potomac and Ohio 

 Valleys, Kansas, Colorado, Nevada, northern California, and even 



Arizona 621. L. borealis Vikill. Northern Shrike. 



c". No trace (?) of white on lower ej-elid ; adult without grayish undula- 

 tions or bars on breast or other lower parts ; otherwise not obvi- 

 ously different from Z. borealis; wing 4.35-4.50, tail 4.30-l.GO, bill 

 from nostril .52-55, tarsus 1.00-1.10. Jfab. Northern Asia and 

 northern and eastern Europe. 



L. borealis sibiricus Hi»;i>. Siberian Shrike.' 



i'. Wing less than 4.25 ; lores and nasal tufts always wholly black in adult ; ' 



' Laniut hnrcnUn tiblrlcus BoarANOW, "Russian Shrikes, etc., p. 102, ISSl." (Oadow.) L. major Pall. 

 el AftT., nee Wilkes. 



Said to bare been procured at Ckilcat, Alaska (r/. Schalow, Auk, i. 18S4, 292), but the correct identifi- 

 cnlion pcrbnps open to iloubt. 



