CONCLUSIONS. 45 



(r) The honey stored in brood combs infected with this disease 

 has been found to contain a few bacilli of this species. 



(d) The surface of combs, frames, and hives may be contaminated. 



((?) The wiuii's, head, legs, thorax, abdomen, and intestinal con- 

 tents of adult bees were found to be contaminated with BaciUus alvei 



(/) Bdcilhis alrel may appear in cvdtures made from the ovary of 

 queens from European foul-brood colonies, but the presence of this 

 species suggests contamination from the body of the queen while the 

 cultures are being made and has no special significance. 



(4) The disease which seems to be most widespread in the United 

 States we have called American foul brood, and the organism which 

 has been found constantly present in the disease we have called 

 Bacillus larvcv. This disorder Avas thought by many in this country 

 and other countries as well to be the foul brood described by Cheshire 

 and Cheyne, but such is not the case. 



(5) From the nature of American foul brood it is thought that the 

 organism has a similar distribution to that of Bacillus alvei. 



(()) It ai)pears that European foul brood was erroneously called 

 " New York bee disease " or '' black brood " by Dr. Wm. R. Howard 

 in 1900. 



(7) There is a diseased condition affecting the brood of bees which 

 is being called by the bee keepers '' pickle brood." No conclusion can 

 be drawn from the investigation so far as to the cause of the disease. 



(8) Asper(/ilh(s pollinis, ascribed by Dr. William R. Howard as 

 the cause of pickle brood, has not been found in this investigation 

 and is not believed by the author to have any etiological relation to 

 the so-called ''' pickle brood." 



(9) Palsy or paralysis is a diseased condition of the adult bees, 

 No conclusion can yet be drawn as to its cause. 



(10) Formaldehyde gas as ordinarily used in the apiaries is insuffi- 

 cient to insure complete disinfection. 



CONCLUSIONS. 



In a paragraph the author wishes, if possible, to present the status 

 of the bee diseases in this country. It should be remembered, firstly, 

 that " black brood " can now be dropt from our vocabulary, and 

 probably does not exist; secondly, that the term "foul brood" was 

 being applied to two distinct diseases. One of these diseases we now 

 refer to as European foul brood, because it first received a scientific 

 study from a European investigator. We refer to the other disease 

 as American foul brood, because it was first studied scientifically in 

 America. There is one more disorder in the brood of bees which has 

 attracted considerable attention — the so-called " pickle brood." 

 There are, then, these three principal diseases: European foul brood, 

 American foul brood, and the so-called " pickle brood." 



