30 JoiKXAL OF Ti!K IMiTfiiELL SociETY [September 



filtered and evaporated under vacuum dn-\vn to grain in the "A" or 

 "White" pan. The "strike" is then made and the mix centrifuged. 

 The resulting "first swing" sugars are washed with steam, dried 

 and granulated, the product being the refined white granulated 

 beet sugar. 



The first swing of molasses is evaporated to grain in the "B" or 

 "Brown" pan and dropped into erystallizers, where for 60 to 80 

 hours crystal growth is permitted with agitation and slow cooling. 

 These crystals are centrifuged from the waste molasses, redissolved 

 and introduced into the system of refining to be evaporated down 

 with the raw juice and recovered as white sugar. 



Coiiperation among the various stations is eminently iin]iortant 

 to reduce loss of sugar in wash and waste water, extraction of un- 

 desirable non-sugars and reduction of coal consumption. A loss of 

 each 0.03% sugar in any operation in a 100.000 ton beet campaign 

 registers a loss of 600 bags of sugar and each 3% additional quantity 

 of water to be evaporated increases the daily consumption of coal 10 

 tons. 



The hope is expressed that sugar beet culture and beet sugar 

 plants may become more extensive to increase our home supply of 

 this staple. 



255th Meetixg — February 25, 1922 



Dr. J. E. Mills, Director of Chemical Research at Edgewood Ar- 

 senal. — Chemical Warfare — Methods of Attack and Defense. (By 

 invitation). 



A review of the development of chemical warfare was given and 

 special mention made of the following methods : 



Cylinders are used for cloud gas attacks, the cylinders being filled 

 principally with chlorine or with mixtures of chlorine and ]iliosgcne. 

 They are generally installed in the front line and released under suit- 

 able wind conditions. 20 tons of gas or even more will be used 

 per 1000 yards of front for such an attack. The advantages and dis- 

 advantages of this form of attack were discussed. 



Livens projectors are used and installed in special trenches, later 

 carefully camouflaged, generally somewhat back of the front line. 

 They fire a drum containing 30 pounds of gas and have a range of 

 nearly a mile. Thus exceedingly high concentrations of gas can be 



