o 
found without any eggs or traces of young larve of Carpocapsa, the 
second brood having already begun its destructive work. From these 
few notes it is evident that with a little care early fruit can be kept 
almost free from the attacks of the worms, while with later sorts this 
becomes more difficult, and such fruit generally is rendered useless by 
the attacks of the second brood, and is fed to pigs. 
Enemies.—Enemies of the Codling Moth appear to be quite abundant 
in California already. I have indeed been surprised in finding minute 
Chalcids infesting the eggs.* These are not numerous, and had not | 
been observed on eggs of the first brood, yet they may have been pres- 
ent. In fourteen boxes of Bartlett pears examined on August 20 and 
21, about seventy parasitized eggs were found, and about an equal 
number from which the parasites had issued; no doubt some were over- 
looked. But few of the pears showed traces of worms of the first brood, 
yet nearly all contained eggs of the second brood and very often more 
than one. As many as eleven eggs were found upon a single pear. 
One was found on the stem, six on the pear surrounding the stem, two 
on the upper half and the other two near the calyx. Of these, two con- 
tained parasites, one of which had issued, two were still fresh, and the 
rest had hatched. Ishould note here that the pears had been taken off 
three days previously. In other pears with less eggs, as many as three 
and even four young larve were found. The eggs found upon pears 
were most numerous near the stem, the others almost invariably on the 
upper surface of fruit, and but very few on the lower part or calyx. It 
was also observed that the young larve very rarely enter the fruit 
where an egg is deposited, but generally somewhat lower down, and in 
. many instances instead of going to the center they leave their first mine 
after a few days and enter at the open calyx. On apples it appears 
they will oftener enter the fruit from the sides. 
Many of the eggs of the first brood were destroyed by some enemy, 
what I could not learn. They had a brownish and shrunken appearance, 
and it is probable that they were destroyed by the Chrysopa larve, 
which were present in numbers upon the trees at the time. With the 
exception of these and the Coccinellid larvz no other insects were ob- 
served in numbers likely to destroy the eggs. This*was not observed 
to be the case with eggs of the second brood, at which time the pre- 
daceous larvee mentioned had disappeared. The other three parasites 
bred during the summer are all from the chrysalids. The most efficient 
destroyer of Carpocapsa, however, is a small bat which is always in 
search of the moths, appearing somewhat later than the latter, but 
keeping up its chase until dark, when apparently the moths cease their 
flight and the bats go off in search of other food. Every night during 
June as many as six of these bats were to be seen flying around an 
isolated apple tree upon which there were a large number of the moths, 
not only taking the Carpocapsa on the wing, but very often darting at a 
*This parasite is a species of the genus Trichogramma.—C. V. Rh. 
