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other sources from which they could have come, viz, the stubble, which 
I know to have been infested, and grasses, which we have no knowledge 
of the species affecting. 
These plats were plowed up soon after examination, as I was afraid 
to allow them to stand thus, a menace to the adjoining fields the follow- 
ing spring, though the plants would have probably been destroyed 
before even a small portion of the larve matured. 
From all the information that I am able to gather, the usual time of 
appearance of the fall brood of adult flies in southern Indiana is the 
last portion of September, or some years the first days of October. 
This is, I believe, the opinion of the most observing farmers, including 
Hon. J. Q. A. Seig, of Corydon, Harrison County, who is as familiar 
with the earlier stages of the pest and its effect upon fall wheat as I 
am myself. Mr. J. P. Londen, of Sharp’s Mills, same county, stated 
that wheat sown on October 1, 1886, was damaged 50 per cent., while 
that sown on the 6th was injured only 15 per cent. Mr. J. A. Burton, 
writing from Mitchell, Lawrence County, November 24, 1887, gave the 
results of his examination of wheatfields as follows: Fields sown Sep- 
tember 8, about one plant in 8 infested; sown September 15, about 
one plant in 12; sown September 22, about one plant in 50, and 
sown October 1, seemingly free from injury. The observations of these 
gentlemen also coincide with my own, made in November, 1888, in Har- 
rison and Posey Counties. Therefore, from all the information which 
I have been able to gain, the best season for wheat sowing, to avoid the 
attacks of the Hessian fly in extreme southern Indiana, is soon after 
the 1st of October. Exactly how far northward this advice will apply 
I am unable to say, but am inclined to think it would cover territory 
laying between latitude 38° and 39°, and possibly 39° 30’, although 
near the northern limit it would probably be safe during ordinary years . 
to sow soon after September 25. 
During the years 1887 and 1885 Mr. W. 8S. Ratliff made a large num- 
ber of very careful observations, and sowed a series of plats of wheat 
on different dates near Richmond, Ind. In 1887 plats were sown August 
5 and 29, September 12 and 26. All of these plats were attacked and 
more or less injured except the last, which as late as December 19 
showed not the least injury by the Hessian fly. Up to May 31, 1888, 
there was very little injury to this plat, and even on the above date 
there were very few larvee as compared with the number on the others. 
From this date on till July 11 the plats were all injured by black and 
red rusts, Chinch bugs, and the Wheat Stem maggot, the greater injury 
appearing to fail upon this, so that at harvest, July 11, the last was 
the poorest of allin yield, that sown August 15 being the best. The 
sowings of 1888 were as follows: September 6, 20; October 4, 22; No- 
vember 1. On November 14 the first plat was found to be infested by 
_larve of the Hessian fly. During June, 1889, Chinch bugs again at- 
tacked the plants growing on these plats, and the grain aphis seriously 
