58 OUR SHADE TREES AND THEIR INSECT DEFOLIATORS. 
‘‘The nozzle (in which lies all the mechanism which he can really call his own in- 
vention) is very simple. It consists of a brass nipple three-quarters to 1 inch in 
length, pierced by a small hole varying in diameter according to the amount of spray 
desired. This nipple screws on to the discharge pipe and on its outer end is serewed a 
chamber three-quarters to 1 inch in diameter and 3 inches long. These dimensions 
have been determined by experiment. The nipple and chamber are made of brass. 
On the outer end of the chamber is soldered a wire gauze varying in size of mesh to_ 
suit size of orifice in nipple. 
‘The nipples tested by me were as follows: 
No. 1. One sixty-fourth inch orifice projected spray 10 feet in straight line; dis- 
charged pint of liquid in 20 seconds; pressure could not be measured, but I think was 
75 to 100 pounds in all the tests. Spray floated like mist. 
No. 2. One thirty-second inch orifice projected spray little farther and little coarser; 
discharged 1 pint in 15 seconds. 
No. 3. Five sixty-fourths inch orifice projected spray 18 feet ; tee 1 pint in 
8 seconds; spray coarser than previous, but foated well in the air. 
No. 4. One-eighth inch orifice projected spray 25 feet; discharged 1 pint in 5 see- 
onds; still coarser, but fell in perfect mist, completely wetting soil. ‘ 
“The apparatus tested by me was really yet in the experimental stage but gave 
very satisfactory results. 
“‘The special features which commend a nozzle are that it is very simple, dis- 
charges spray farther in a straight line than any apparatus ever tested by me, and 
the capacity is practically unlimited. 
““The complete machines which Mr. Nixon had made and were tested by me were as 
follows: 
‘‘No. 1. Sulky cart, drawn by horse, which also furnished motive power to pump by 
gearing from wheel. This machine as timed by me was capable of going over 21 
acres of ground in eight consecutive hours, and completely spraying any low crop. 
Tank holds 70 gallons; pump arranged inside and so rigged with safety valve that 
pressure could be made to suit requirements of the nozzle used. This machine could 
also be used as a hand-pump by throwing out of gear and putting on a lever. 
‘“*No. 2. Is a hand machine on trucks with a small rest wheel in front. Tank holds 
40 gallons and can be used for all ordinary purposes of spraying beds and lawns; also 
mounted in a wagon would be very serviceable for spraying orchards. 
‘“‘No. 3. Is a small machine, 15-gallon tank, intended for use indoors.” 
The second machine is the invention of Mr. John Bowles, of Wash- 
ington, D. C., and is used for the purpose of vaporizing naphtha of grade 
77. Experiments made by Mr. Bowles and witnessed by Mr. Howard 
with this machine upon the Web-worm were successful in killing the 
worms, leaving the foliage uninjured. Fig. 27 shows the machine in 
section. Mr. Bowles’ description is as follows: 
“The mechanism employed for the purpose of applying the oil in the form of spray 
consists, essentially, of an oil-compresser, combined with an air-compresser, so that 
both may be actuated by the same effort, the leverage being adjusted so that the 
greater pressure may be applied to the oil-compresser, and the communicating to- 
gether of the streams of oil and air at a nozzle for their discharge. 
The form of machine shown meets these requirements. S is an oil-tank, that, for 
convenience, may be mounted on wheels. P is a bellows, attached to the tank, and 
actuated by the board h, by means of the handle, VY, being pivoted to the top of the 
tank at U. An oil-pump is shown, within the chamber of the bellows, having a suc- 
tion pipe, s, extending into the oil, and a discharge-pipe, w, connecting with the 
oil-pipe E, while the air discharged from the bellows passes through the air-pipe D, 
