4] 
pure powder would indicate that it is not the amount of powder that 
proves fatal but that it is the fact of a few grains of powder coming in 
contact with the body of the worm. All of my dilutions above 5 times 
.the weight of powder show that its efficiency is thus very much im- 
paired, and J am satisfied that while almost infinitesimal doses are suf- 
ficient to produce death when powder is pure, they will not suffice in 
the presence of adulterations. I am quite convinced that 5 dilutions 
is the limit of safe adulteration, and think that I should hesitate to 
recommend over 3. The age of the worm when treated is of consider- 
able importance in this connection, as young worms are destroyed with 
much greater certainty than older ones. Pure powder exposed on the 
leaves of cabbage plants for periods of thirty minutes, fifteen hours, 
and twenty hours, killed with as much certainty as fresh powder. Old 
powder, which had stood one year in a candy jar without cover, killed as 
well as fresh powder. This last was used, diluted 3 times, in field work 
and did good execution. 
One pound of powder diluted with 3 pounds of flour and carefully 
used in a Woodason double-cone bellows was sufficient to dust one 
acre thoroughly. Four was the only adulteration used. 
EXTRACTS OF PYRETHRUM. 
ater extract—1 ounce pyrethrum; 1 pint water. 
Alcholic extract—1 ounce pyrethrum; 1 pint alcohol. 
These were thoroughly tested and the tests repeated several times, 
with very unsatisfactory results. 
The water extract was made by stirring together the ingredients. 
Only the liquor was used which was kept in a tightly closed jar. 
This extract destroyed rapae at an average rate of 50 per cent. up to 
4 dilutions, and at 5 dilutions failed entirely. In full strength it was 
not nearly so efficacious as dry powder, even on rape, and it did not 
affect brassice at all. 
The alcoholic extract was made by repercolation with about 80 per 
cent. alcohol. This I anticipated would bear a large number of dilu- 
tions, and it was used in an extensive series of tests in the cages and 
jars. Up to 5 dilutions it killed fairly well and a few were destroyed 
above this, but not enough worth mentioning, only a small or weak 
worm dying. This test was repeated several times and a new extract 
was made, but with little better results. The new extract killed about 
50 per cent. very slowly at 10 dilutions. Both extracts spoken of 
above were applied as spray, except that in jars a feather was used and 
the worms thoroughly wetted. 
On Aphis brassice. 
Pyrethrum in several forms was used on this insect with unsatisfac- 
tory results, the action being, when applied pure or in strong mixtures) 
