15 
Preventing its Introduction.—But, before passing this subject of pre- 
ventive measures, I must not omit the importance of any effort looking 
to preventing the introduction of this insect from one section of the 
country or from one neighborhood to another. No insects so easily 
bear transit as these scale-insects, and it is eminently true of this par- 
ticular Icerya. 
All the worst species from which they suffer in Florida bave been in- 
troduced from abroad. Their Long Scale (Mytilaspis gloverii) was in- 
troduced about the year 1835, their Chaff Scale (Parlatoria pergandii) 
from Bermuda some twenty years later, and their Red Scale (Aspidio- 
tus ficus) from Havana in 18%. 
We have already seen how this Icerya was introduced into your 
State from Australia, and the next worst species which you have to deal 
with, namely, your Red Scale (Aspidiotus aurantii), was likewise intro- 
duced, so far as the evidence goes, from the same country. 
To enumerate merely the different species of insects destructive of 
your fruit interests that have been introduced from other parts of the 
country or from other parts of the world would consume too much time, 
and I cannot attempt to do so. But I would lay stress upon this con- 
viction, which has forced itself upon me after a pretty extended experi- 
ence in all parts of the country, namely, that however much you should 
encourage all co-operative efforts to prevent such transferring and 
spread of injurious pests, they cannot be fully exterminated when once 
they obtain a foothold, and in the end each individual fruit-grower 
must depend on his own efforts. 
REMEDIES. 
It follows without saying that what we should seek in any direct 
remedy is, first, perfect killing power, or, to be more exact, perfect in- 
secticide quality associated with harmlessness to the tree; second, 
reasonable cheapness. 
Different Washes.—1 will not detain you with any general remarks on 
the subject of insecticides, because it has received full attention in my 
official reports. Dry insecticides have been found, in the main, unavail- 
able here, and we must depend upon washes or materials in solution 
that may be sprayed upon the tree. Here, again, I would remind you 
of the careful and extended experiments made by Mr. Hubbard in the 
orange groves of Florida with a view of solving the important question 
as to what is, on the whole, the most satisfactory liquid application, 
cheapness and efficiency considered. Carbolic acid, creosote, sulphur- 
ated lime, silicate of soda, sulphuric acid, sulphuret of iron, bisulphide 
of carbon, and many other materials have been thoroughly tried, as well 
as whale-oil soap, potash and soda lye and their various combinations ; 
but in the end nothing proved equal to emulsified kerosene. Whale-oil 
soap is an excellent wash for destroying some insects upon some plants, 
but it fails to kill the eggs of our scale-insects, so that, however good it 
