THE CITRUS WHITE FLY: HISTORICAL REVIEW. 15 
in Manatee County, Fla., who had undertaken some cooperative 
experiments in spraying. 
During the same year (1893) Prof. H. A. Morgan, then entomologist 
of the Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, gave an account of 
the citrus white fly in Louisiana in a bulletin of that station.! 
The Division of Vegetable Physiology and Pathology of the United 
States Department of Agriculture began investigations of citrus 
diseases in Florida in 1893. These included investigations of the 
“sooty mold” resulting from white-fly infestation, and the first report 
on the subject was published by Swingle and Webber in 1896? anda 
more extended report by Dr. H. J. Webber in 1897.2 Conclusions 
from a series of spraying experiments are included in this publica- 
tion and many important observations are recorded, particularly in 
connection with the two most useful fungous enemies of the white fly 
which were discovered by Dr. Webber in the course of his work. 
Prof. H. A. Gossard, then entomologist of the Florida Agricultural 
Experiment Station, published, in 1903, an account of the white fly 
situation up to that time, with his conclusions from observations 
extending over several years. 
In a volume entitled ‘‘Citrus Fruits,” published in 1904 by Prof. 
H. H. Hume, four chapters are devoted to citrus insect pests and 
methods of control, the white fly receiving due attention. 
Since the present investigations by the Bureau of Entomology have 
been in progress, Dr. Berger, entomologist of the Florida Experiment 
Station, has published two bulletins® which present a summary of 
white-fly conditions with recommendations for control, particularly 
with reference to the use of fungous enemies. -In the later pub- 
lished of the two mentioned, the specific distinctions are pointed out 
and illustrated, separating from the common A. citri the form which 
Dr. Berger has named A. nubifera. 
Messrs. P. H. Rolfs and H. S. Fawcett, in a paleae issued in July, 
1908,° discuss in a general way the use of Fine parasites of the white 
fly in Florida and give recommendations for the introduction of the 
three most common species. The most important contribution to our 
knowledge of the fungous parasites of the citrus white fly is contained 
in a paper by Prof. H. S. Fawcett, published in 1909.7 

1 The Orange and Other Citrus Fruits. By W.C. Stubbs and H. A. Morgan. Spec. 
Bul. La. Agr. Exp. Sta., pp. 71-73, 1893. 
? The Principal Diseases of Citrus Fruits in Florida. By W. T. Swingle and H. J. 
Webber. Bul. 8, Division of Vegetable Physiology and Pathology, pp. 25-28, 1896. 
3 The Sooty Mold of the Orange and its Treatment. Bul. 13, Division of Vegetable 
Physiology and Pathology, U. 8S. Department of Agriculture, 1897. 
‘White Fly. Bul. 67, Fla. Agr. Exp. Sta., June, 1903. 
° White Fly Conditions in 1906, the Use of Fungi. Bul. 88, Fla. Agr. Exp. Sta., Jan- 
uary, 1907; White Fly Studies in 1908, Bul. 97, Fla. Agr. Exp. Sta., February, 1909. 
® Bul. 94, Fla. Agr. Exp. Sta., July, 1908. 
7 Special Studies No. 1, University of State of Florida, 1909. 
