100 WHITE FLIES INJURIOUS TO CITRUS IN FLORIDA. 

over 99 per cent of the cloudy-winged white fly were killed, the 
females of the spring brood were so very few in number and so'scat- 
tered that they deposited a very large percentage of infertile eggs, 
resulting in a second brood in September, 62.8 per cent of which were 
males. In other words, after the natural equilibrium between sexes 
had been disturbed by fumigation, there followed as the result of 
parthenogenesis a decided fluctuation between a predominance of 
females in one and of males in the following generations. Gradually 
this fluctuation diminishes until normal conditions obtain. 
While less attention has been given the problems connected with 
the emergence of this species, observations have shown that the 
process and time required for emergence and the changes in color 
occurring thereafter are the same as for the citrus white fly, with the 
exception of the cloud at the tip of the wing already mentioned. 
Statements made concerning the conditions favorable and unfavor- 
able for the emergence of the citrus white fly hold for this species. 
An examination of the extensive daily emergence records on file and 
summarized in Table XXIII show that even during October and 
early November emergence did not occur below an average daily 
mean temperature of 62° F. The emergence occurring later in the 
fall, and consequently during cooler weather, does not appear to be 
due to more resistance to cold, but to a difference in seasonal history. 
LenetuH or Lire Cycle. 
From a study of the length of the egg, larval, and pupal stages 
already given one can obtain an accurate knowledge of the length 
of the life cycle. A general summary of the data already presented 
in connection with these various stages is presented in Table X XIII. 
Taste XXIII.—Length of life cycle of cloudy-winged white fly at Orlando, Fla. 









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a : b bin! = de| Clee |e8ulsee|Ss ioe 
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2 . “s 7 = |slee|8" | Pelges less lesa 
Sf & : & 8 |S" \ae| 5 | Boa/ gee | seh oes 
fea & pe | = 4 | Ho] A | a a) a 
| | | 
Ook Apr. 20 Me MLO) |e center RE nA nes ig as 9 eee eee Oe | 1,890). 52 oes creates 
Nob: 2) June: 16)) Ane. (2 |e ie sss Sees: Woe eee Tal eee [eee el Webs | by 849 |. eee 
No.3..] Aug. 23 | Oct. 14] Oct. 31 | Mar. 20} May 16] 52 266 | 64.7] 35.3 | 1,899 | 5,205 | 7,062 
No.4..| Sept. 4] Oct. 23 | Nov. 1 |..-do.....| Apr. 1 49 | 209 | 26.8} 73.2 | 1,693 | 4,706 | 5,055 
No.5..| Sept. 18 | Mar. 22 0| Mar. 22 | May 5 /| 185 | 229 0 | 100 4,650 | 4,650 5,915 
No.6..] Sept. 21 | Mar. 25 0| Mar. 25 | May 20 |.185 | 241 0 | 100 4,638 | 4,638 | 6,318 
No.7..| Oct. 2) Mar. 18 OlaMears Sale eee | Loveless 0 | 100 4,006 | 4,006 |...... 
No. 8. .]..- doiise4 Mar. 20 0.) Mars 20: hos. fea TBS]: ee 0. 100 4,073 | 4,073 |...... 
No.9..| Oct. 22 | Mar. 21 0| Mar. 21] Apr. 9 | 150 | 169 0 | i00 | 3,549 | 3,549 | 4,056 
| | 


It will be noted that 47, the least number of days required for 
development, is but slightly higher than the minimum for A. ciiri, 
even during most favorable weather conditions. The greater average 
