BIOLOGY OF THE TERMITES OF THE EASTERN UNITED STATES. 15 
ing “a damaged earwig (Forficula) from Japan as a wingless termite, 
“that the three families, Termitina, Blattina, and Forficulina, are 
coordinated and very nearly allied.” Packard,® in 1883, placed 
termites in a new order, the Platyptera, including the Termitide, 
Embiidz, Psocide, and Perlide, and three years later he dismem- 
bered © the Pseudoneuroptera into the Platyptera, Odonata, and 
Plecoptera. Knower,? in 1896, stated that in the development of 
the embryo of termites there is a resemblance to that of the Orthop- 
tera. Desneux, in 1904,¢ stated that termites are derived phylo- 
genetically from the ‘“Blattides,” an idea accredited to Handlirsch 
in 1903, although Hagen, in 1855, had already formulated this 
theory based on purely biological considerations. Comstock,’ in 
1895, also placed termites in the order Isoptera. Enderlein,? in 
1903, placed termites with the Embiide in the order Corrodentia, 
suborder Isoptera. In this order he also placed the Psocidze and 
Mallophaga. Handlirsch ” contests the affinity of the Termitide with 
the Embiide; he further states’ that termites are derived from all 
deposits from the lower Tertiary on, but that all older fossils formerly 
mistaken for termites by Hagen, Scudder, and Heer do not belong 
to this order. Banks/ (1909) considered termites to be in the 
order Platyptera, suborder Isoptera, with two other suborders, the 
Mallophaga and Corrodentia. Holmgren states* that he believes 
both groups, the “Termiten’’? and “Blattiden,” are offshoots of a 
more primitive group, the ‘Protoblattoiden.’”’ The oldest ‘Blat- 
toiden”’ occur in the first part of the middle, upper Carboniferous 
(Pottsville, North America), the oldest Pr otoblattoiden, aa) the last 


a Hagen, H. A. On a wingless white ant eon Tae Pre. Benen Son Nat. 
Hist., v. 11, p. 399-400, illus., February 26, 1868. 
b Pickard. A.S. Order 3, Peondenpureprce: U.S. Dept. Agr., U.S. Ent. Com., 
3d Rept., p. 290-293, 1883. 
¢ Packard, A. S. <A new arrangement of the orders of insects. Amer. Nat., v. 20, 
no. 9, p. 808, September, 1886. 
@ Knower, H. McK. The development of a termite—Eutermes (Rippertii?) A pre- 
liminary abstract. Johns Hopkins Univ. Cire., v. 15, no. 126, p. 86-87, June, 1896. 
€ Desneux, J. Loe. cit. 
/ Comstock, J. H. Manual for the Study of Insects. Ithaca, N. Y., 1895, p. 95-97, 
fig. 104-106. 
9 Enderlein, G. Uber die Morphologie, Gruppierung und Systematische Stellung 
der Corrodentien. Zool. Anzeig., vol. 26, p. 423-437, figs. 4. 
h Handlirsch, A. Zur Systematik der Hexapoden. Zool. Anzeig., vol. 27 (1904), 
p. 733-769. 
¢ Handlirsch, A. Die fossilen Insekten und die Phylogenie der rezenten Formen, 
pt. 8, p. 1240, Leipzig, 1908. 
j eal N. Directions for Collecting and Preserving Insects, pp. 135, figs. 188, 
Washington, 1909. U.S. Nat. Mus. Bul. 67. Platyptera, p. 6-7. 
k Holmgren, N. Termitenstudien1. Anatomische Untersuchungen. K. Svenska 
Vetensk. Akad. Handl., Bd. 44, No. 3, pp. 215, Taf. 1-8, Uppsala & Stockholm, 1909. 
Die Verwandtschaftsbeziehungen der Termiten, p. 208-213. 
