28 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FORESTS. 
colonizing winged adults of both sexes, the supplementary or neo- 
teinic” reproductive forms (often in large numbers), both “ergatoids” 
and nymphal ‘‘neotenes,”’ and the single true royal pair. Besides these 
mature forms there are freshly hatched, undifferentiated larve, differ- 
entiated larvee, and nymphs of the first and second forms. Of course, 
all these forms are not present in a colony at the same time, as there 
is seasonal variation. 
Workers are developed from larve that will not mature the sexual 
organs, but, unlike the bees, are of both sexes. They are dirty white 
in color, are large-headed and soft-bodied, with 10 segments to the 
abdomen, and at maturity are approximately 5 millimeters in length 
in flavipes and 3.5 millimeters in virginicus. The antenne consist of 
15 to 17 segments exclusive of the base in flavipes and 13 to 15 in 
virginicus. The workers constitute the most injurious wood-de- 
stroying form and have well-developed mandibles. The left man- 
dible has five pointed teeth, the fifth tooth with a broad base, and the 
inner margin having parallel carine. The right mandible has two 
pointed teeth, the third and fourth teeth being broad, and the fourth 
with parallel carine. The mandibles evidently have both tearing 
and rasping functions. The labrum is rounded. The worker ter- 
mites possess a large intestinal paunch and the contents enable the 
outline of this paunch to be seen through the tissue of the abdomen. 
Workers are blind. . 
Soldier termites (fig. 9, @) are more highly specialized workers, 
being also developed from large-headed workerlike larvee that will 
not mature the sexual organs, and the caste is represented by both 
sexes. While they are soft-bodied, the head, which is pigmented 
yellowish-brown, is chitinized and is more oblong and elongate than 
in the worker, tapering slightly toward the apex, or being slightly 
broader at the base. The mandibles, which are enormously devel- 
oped, are long, slender, saberlike, with no marginal teeth, chitinized, 
and of a yellowish-brown color. The body is of a dirty white or pale 
yellowish color. The labrum of the soldier is more narrow than 
that in the worker, elongate, and subelliptical. The “menton,”’ 
which is chitinized, is convex, elongate, and more slender in com- 
parison with the worker. Mature soldiers are from 6 to 7 millimeters 
in length in flavipes and 4.5 to 5 millimeters in length in virginicus. 
The antenna has from 14 to 17 segments in flavipes and 15 segments 
in virginicus. The soldiers, as well as the sexed adults, of these two 
aGrassi, B., and Sandias, A. Op. cit., p. 249: “The term neoteinia has been intro- 
duced by Camerano (Bul. Soc. Ent. Ital. [v. 17], 1885, pp. 89-94) to denote the per- 
sistence during adult life of part or all of the characteristics normally peculiar to the 
immature, growing, or larval stages. * * * Neoteinia, or the persistence of larval 
characteristics, does not necessarily imply that anticipation of sexual maturity which 
is usually connoted with the use of the term pzedogenesis, which, moreover, is 
strictly applied to agamic reproductions, ’’ 
