30 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FORESTS. 
and soft-bodied, and when fully developed and ready to molt for the 
last time are from 7 to 7.5 millimeters in length in flavipes and 4.5 
to 5 millimeters in virginicus. In flavipes the antenna consists of 
from 16 to 17 and in wirginicus from 14 to 15 segments. The man- 
dibles are practically the same as in the worker, and are probably 
very necessary in effecting an exit from the old colony. R. D. Grant 
states* that in a Missouri Pacific Railroad Co. engine house the 
rafters were injured and the cement of the brick walls built 14 years 
previously was perforated. Mr. C. L. Marlatt has specimens of 
plaster which was laid on metal lathing in a building at Charlotte, 
N. C., which had been mined in order to allow the winged adults to 
escape from heavy wooden beams which had been honeycombed. 
Also, in the establishment of the new colony the young royal couple 
have the excavating to do. 
There are two forms of nymphs (PI. VIII, figs. 3, a, b), namely, the 
primary form, with elongate wing pads, that develops into the winged 
sexed adult, and the ‘“‘second form’’ (Lespés), with short wing pads— 
mere buds—which represents an arrested early stage of the nymph 
of the primary form, or even a larva. Nymphs of the secondary 
form are slightly more elongate, and develop the sexual organs 
without progressing further, instead of completing their normal 
development to the winged, pigmented, sexed adults that swarm. 
These nymphs, after becoming sexually mature and attaining a straw- 
colored pigmentation—normally after the nymphs of the primary 
form have developed to sexed adults—become supplementary royal 
individuals, kings, and queens, but never (?) leave the parent colony. 
They do not possess functional eyes. 
The sexed individuals, when ready to swarm, are castaneous-black 
or light brown in color, have two pairs of long, filmy wings, and are 
so chitinized that they can bear full sunlight. They possess both 
functional compound eyes and simple eyes or ocelli. The body—ex- 
cluding the wings, which are slightly longer than the entire insect 
and project some distance beyond the abdomen when “in situ’’—is 
slightly less in length than in the case of the nymphs. The entire 
body of the sexed individual is from 9 to 10 millimeters in length in 
flavipes and from 7.5 to 8 millimeters in length in virginicus. There 
are from 16 to 18 segments to the antenna in flavipes and from 15 to 
16 antennal segments in virginicus. The sexes are as easily distin- 
guishable as in the case of fully developed nymphs. ‘(1) The sey- 
enth [abdominal sternite] (the apparent sixth) is strongly developed 
and semicircular, with the rounded edge posterior in the female and 
very short in the male. (2) The eighth sternite, which is reduced 
to two lateral lobes in the female, is small and entire in the male. 





a Grant, R. D. Jour. Proc. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, v. 3, p. celxix, November 19, 1877. 
