66 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FORESTS. 
removed from the cell, and were probably due to injury received in 
shipment, as the queen was not taken from the royal cell, but a small 
block of wood was cut out of the pole, the whole having been placed 
in a vial of alcohol. The queen was partly out of the cell and the 
scars were probably due to abrasions by small fragments of jagged, 
projecting wood. This is stated in detail, because it might be 
thought that the wounds were “‘battle scars.”’ 
Attached to the mesothorax and metathorax in true queens are 
the stubs of wings, lost at the time of swarming. The head, thorax, 
and scutellar area (‘‘nota’’) of the abdominal segments of true queens 
are more heavily chitinized and more deeply pigmented with casta- 
neous brown than in the neoteinic queens, developed from nymphs 
of the second form, which are straw-colored (Pl. XIII, a); conse- 
quently, the nonfunctional eyes and ocelli are not so prominent in 
neoteinic queens, which never develop wings and which always?(%) 
remain in the parent colony. The head, thoracic tergites, and ab- 
dominal tergites and sternites are both longer and broader than in 
the true queens, which same differences are apparent in the nymphs. 
(Pl. VIII.) In true queens the mesothoracic and metathoracic ter- 
gites have a distinctively irregular shape. The chitinized ‘‘nota”’ of 
the abdominal tergites and sternites more markedly approach the 
semicircular in shape and are much more projecting in neoteinic 
queens developed from nymphs of the second form. However, in 
younger (smaller) true queens (flavipes and lucifugus) the tergites 
and sternites are slightly more projecting than in older queens. 
Furthermore, the legs are more slender and the mouth parts slightly 
smaller (less gross) in true queens. The mesothorax and metathorax 
and pigmented, chitinized ‘‘nota’’ have a distinctive shape in the 
neoteinic larval queens. (Pl. XIV, c.) 
In matured true queens (of both flavipes and lucifugus) ribbons of 
parallel ovules of various sizes and stages of development are visible 
(under high-power Zeiss binocular) through the tissue of the abdo- 
men, where there are no deposits of fat. Sections through the body 
show an enormous ovary development, with ribbons of ovules in 
progressive stages of development. In a lateral or dorsal view of the 
abdomen of the true queen, small, round spiracles can be seen, set 
in at the base of the lateral slope of the tergites. (Fig. 13, @ and c¢.) 
The spiracles are approximately similarly placed on queens of spe- 
cies in the genera Calotermes Hagen, Termopsis Heer, and Eutermes 
Fr. Miller. In some tropical species, as in Termes bellicosus, the 
spiracles are located in the pleural tissue of queens with enormously 

a It may be possible that subcolonies or offshoots of large old colonies are estab- 
lished by these mobile queens and workers and soldiers by means of subterranean 
passages to decaying wood. 
