8 PAPERS ON CEREAL AND FORAGE INSECTS. 
They can, apparently, descend with equal rapidity. By releasing 
the anal and dorsal spines they are lowered by gravity. If the stem 
be placed in a horizontal position, the pupa makes slow progress 
backward. The organs of locomotion are apparently not so well 
fitted for moving backward on a horizontal plane. 
THE MOVEMENTS OF THE PUPA OUTSIDE THE STEM. 
When removed from the stem and placed upon a flat surface, the 
pupa moves as uncertainly as the larva in the same position. It 
wriggles constantly, trying in vain to fix its ‘‘climbers’”’ into some- 
thing firm, whereby it can gain leverage and propel itself forward. 
It will fix the anal spines into the surface upon which it rests, but 
as there is no surface opposite and near it moves very slowly and 
uncertainly. 
THE ADULT. 
When ready to issue, the pupa is quite brown. The thin pupal 
envelope is ruptured along the dorsum of the thoracic region and 
the insect gradually forces its way out, after which it gnaws an 
irregular opening at some point in the stem and emerges. 
The adult beetles are about 5 mm. in length, of a brownish color, 
and have pointed abdomens. From the lateral aspect they are 
somewhat crescent shaped. They are abroad from the latter part 
of May to the latter part of June, depending upon temperature con- 
ditions in early spring. 
There is but one brood or generation during the year. 
LIFE CYCLE. 
LENGTH OF THE SEVERAL STAGES. 
The larval stage covers a period of about 11 months. Nothing 
could be learned about the number of molts, as the larve will not 
develop if their galleries are disturbed. 
The pupal stage varies from 11 to 16 days, depending, apparently, 
upon the temperature. 
The adult beetles will live from 5 to 6 days in confinement, but 
they will probably survive a much longer period in the open. 
HIBERNATION. 
The insect hibernates in the larval stage. About the time freezing 
begins in the fall the larvee are down to the bulb or crown of the 
root, where they are well protected from cold. They are nearly full 
grown by this time. Whenever a few warm days come, they appa- 
rently start feeding again. In the spring they burrow down into 
the juicy bulb, where they continue feeding until they become full 
grown. 
