THE ALIMENTARY CANAL. 81 
send the food back to the pharynx to be masticated. The 
stomach is usually bent, like a siphon; but the intestine 
is nearly straight, aud without any marked distinction 
into small and large. Its appendages are a large liver 
and a rudimentary pancreas. 
In the amphibious Reptiles, as the Frogs, the digestive 
apparatus is very similar to that of Fishes; but the two 
kinds of intestines can be more 
readily distinguished. The high- 
er Reptiles generally have a 
long wide gullet, which passes 
insensibly into the stomach, and 
a short intestine (about twice the 
length of the body) very dis- 
tinctly divided into small and 
large by a constriction.” The 
vegetable-feeding Tortoises have 
a comparatively long intestinal 
tube; and the Serpents have a 
slender stomach, but little wider 
than the rest of the alimentary Fue. 45.—Anatomy of a Cephalopod 
(diagram): a, tentacles; b, masti- 
canal. catory apparatus; ¢, eye; a, sali- 
The stomach of the Crocodile toh aa Bee Neca ees 
is more complex than any hith- , cuuePones! % stomach; 4 
testine; &, anus; J, funnel; m, 
erto mentioned. It resembles ik-bag: ™, ovary; 9, oviduct; p, 
liver; 7, gill contained in the bran- 
that of the Cuttle-fish, but offers — chial chamber; s, branchial heart; 
t, systemic heart; v, mantle. 
by \ 
ie N 
Any 
a still more striking analogy to 
the gizzard of a Bird, having very thick walls, and the 
muscular fibres radiating precisely in the same manner. 
So that, in this respect, the Crocodile may be considered 
as the connecting link between Reptiles and Birds.” It is 
in Crocodiles also that the duodenum, a small pouch, with 
which the intestine begins, is first distinctly defined. Into 
this pouch, the liver and pancreas, or sweet-bread, pour 
their secretions. Furthermore, in the lower animals, the 
6 
