84 COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 
color, in the Scratchers and flat-billed Swimmers (as Fowls 
and Swans); but comparatively thin and feeble in Birds 
of Prey (as the Eagle). The gizzard is followed by the 
Fig. 48.— Digestive Apparatus of the Fowl: 1, 
tongue; 2, pharynx; 38, 5, esophagus; 4, crop; 
6, proventriculus; 7, gizzard; 8, 9,10, duodenum ; 
11, 12, small intestine; 13, two ceca (analogue of 
the colon of mammals); 14, their insertion into 
the intestinal tube; 15, rectum; 16, cloaca; 17, 
anus; 18, mesentery; 19, 20, left and right lobes 
of liver; 21, gall-bladder; 22, insertion of pan- 
creatic and biliary ducts; 23, pancreas; 24, lung; 
25, ovary; 26, oviduct. 
intestines, which are 
longer than those of 
Reptiles: the sinall in- 
testine begins with a 
loop (the duodenum), 
and is folded several 
times upon itself; the 
large intestine is short 
and straight, termi- 
nating in the sole ont- 
let of the body, the 
cloaca. A liver and 
pancreas are always 
attached to the upper 
part of the small in- 
testine. 
The alimentary ca- 
nal in Mammals is 
clearly separated into 
four distinct cavities: 
the pharynx, or throat; 
the esophagus, or gul- 
let; the stomach; and 
the intestines. 
The pharynx is 
more complicated than 
in Birds. It is a fun- 
nel-shaped bag, hav- 
ing seven openings 
leading into it: two 
from the nostrils, and 
two from the ears; 
