148 COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. © 
rd, 4 
8 ea) SSE S HOD 
Fig. 115.—Skeleton of the Tortoise (plastron removed): a@, cervical vertebre; c, dor- 
sal vertebre ; d, ribs; e, sternal ribs (the marginal bones of the carapax) ; /, scap- 
ula; %, clavicle; b, coracoid bone; Jf, pelvis; 7, femur; g, tibia; h, fibula. 
Fic. 116.—Skeleton of a Vulture: 1, cranium—the parts of which are separable only 
in the chick; 2, cervical vertebre ; 3, dorsal; 4, coccygeal, or caudal; the lumbar 
and sacral are consolidated together, and to the ribs,5; 6, sternum, or breast- 
bone, extraordinarily developed; 7, furculum, clavicle, or ' wish-bone;” 8, cora- 
coid; 9, scapula; 10, humerus; 11, ulna, with rudimentary radius; 12, metacar- 
pals; 13, phalanges of the great digit of the wing ; 19, thumb; 14, pelvis; 15, fe- 
mur; 16, tibia and fibula, or crus; 17, metatarsus (tarsus is wanting in Birds) ; 18, 
internal digit, or toe, formed of three phalanges; the middle toe has four pha- 
langes; the outer, five; and the back toe, or thumb, two. 
