182 COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 
tion. They are automatons, or creatures of necessity. 
Such, also, are some actions in the higher animals, as 
breathing, the beating of the heart, the contractions of 
the iris, and all the first movements of an infant.’ But, 
generally, the actions of animals are not the result of mere 
bodily organization. 
The inferior orders are under the control of Instinct, 
7. €., an apparently untaught ability to perform actions 
which are useful to the animal.”” They seem to be born 
with a measure of knowledge and skill (as Man is said to 
have innate ideas), acquired neither by reason nor experi- 
ment. For what could have led Bees to imagine that by 
feeding a worker-larva with royal jelly, instead of bee- 
bread, it would turn out a queen, instead of a neuter? 
In this case, neither the habit nor the experience could 
be inherited, for the worker-bees are sterile. We can only 
guess that the discovery has been communicated by the 
survivors of an older swarm. Uniformity is another char- 
acteristic feature of instinct. Different individuals of the 
same species execute precisely the same movements under 
like circumstances. The career of one Bee is the career 
of any other. We do not find one clever and another 
stupid. Honey-combs are built now as they were before 
the Christian era. The creatures of pure instinct appear 
to be tied down, by the constitution of their nervous sys- 
tem, to one line of action, from which they can not spon- 
taneously depart. The actions vary only as the structure 
changes.” There is a wonderful fitness in what they do; 
but there is no intentional adaptation of means to ends. 
All animals, from the Star-fish to Man, are guided more 
or less by instinct; but the best examples are furnished by 
the insect-world, especially by the social Hymenopters 
(Ants, Bees, and Wasps). The Butterfly carefully pro- 
vides for its young, which it is destined never to see; 
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many Insects feed on particular species of plants, which 
