216 COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 
been born with one ear, and Stags with one horn; the 
Rattlesnake has but one lung; both eyes of the Flounder 
and Halibut are on the same side; the claws of the Lob- 
ster differ; and the valves of the Oyster are unequal. 
But all these animals and their organs are perfectly sym- 
metrical in the embryo state. 
Again, animals exhibit a certain correspondence be- 
tween the fore and hind parts."* Thus, the two ends of 
the Centipede repeat each other. Indeed, in some Worms, 
the eyes are developed in the last segment as well as the 
first. So a Vertebrate may be considered, not only as two 
individuals placed side by side, but also as two individu- 
als put end to end—the head and arms representing one, 
and the legs the other. In the embryo of Quadrupeds, 
the four limbs are closely alike. But in the adult, the 
fore and hind limbs differ more than the right and left 
limbs, because the functions are more dissimilar. An ex- 
treme want of symmetry is seen in Birds which combine 
aérial and Jand locomotion. 
There is also a tendency to a vertical symmetry, or 
up-and-down arrangement—the part above a horizontal 
plane being a reversed copy of the part below. A good 
example is the posterior half of a Cod, while the tail of a 
Shark shows the want of it. This symmetry decreases as 
we ascend the scale. In most animals there is consider- 
able difference between the dorsal and ventral surfaces ; 
and in all the nervous system is more symmetrically dis- 
posed than the digestive. 
Every animal is perfect in its kind and in its place. 
Yet we recognize a gradation of life. Some animals are 
manifestly superior to some others. But it is not so easy 
to say precisely what shall guide us in assorting living 
forms into high and low. Shall we make structure the 
criterion of rank? Plainly the simple Jelly-fish is be- 
neath complicated Man. An ounce of muscle is worth a 
