282 COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 
idle) and an upper and an under lip (labrum and labium). 
QS 
a 
(\ 
Fia. 254.—Under-surface of a Beetle (Harpalus cali- 
ginosus): a, ligula; b, paraglossee; c, supports of 
labial palpi; d, labial palpus; e, mentum; J, in- 
ner lobe of maxilla; g, outer lobe; h, maxillary 
palpus; 7, mandible; k, buccal opening; J, gula, 
or throat; m, buccal sutures; , gular suture; 0, 
prosternum; p, episternum of prothorax; p’, epi- 
meron; q, q’, q’’, coxe; 7, 7’, 7/’, trochanters; 8, 
s’, s’’, femora, or thighs; ¢, v, t/’, tibe; v, ventral 
abdominal segments ; w, episterna of mesothorax; 
2x, mesosternum; y, episterna of metathorax; y’, 
epimeron; z, metasternum. 
Sensitive palpi (aacx- 
allary and labial) are 
developed from the 
lower jaw and lower 
lip. The labium is 
also prolonged into a 
ligula, or tongue. 
The legs are in- 
variably six in the 
adult, the fore -legs 
directed forward and 
the hinder pairs back- 
ward. Each consists 
of a hip, thigh, shank, 
and foot.” The lar- 
vee have also “ false 
legs,” without joints, 
on the abdomen,upon 
which they chiefly 
rely in locomotion. 
The wings are ex- 
pansions of the crust 
stretched over a net- 
work of horny tubes. 
The venation, or ar- 
rangement of these 
tubes (called veins 
and wenlets), partic- 
ularly in the fore- 
wings, is peculiar in 
each genus. In many 
Insects, especially 
Hymenopters, the ab- 
domen of the female ends in a tube which is the sheath 
