994 COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 
duces males, and the last females. The drones, of which 
there are about 800 in an ordinary hive, are marked by 
their great size, their large eyes meeting on the top of the 
head, and by being stingless. The workers, which number 
twenty to one drone, are small and active, and provided 
with stings and hollow pits in the thighs, called “baskets,” 
in which they carry pollen. Their honey is nectar elabo- 
rated in the crop by an unknown process; while the wax 
is secreted from the sides of the abdomen and mixed with 
saliva. There is a subdivision of extra labor: thus there 
are wax-workers, masons, and nurses. Ants (except the 
Saiiba) have but two classes of workers. While Ants live 
in hollow trees or subterranean chambers (called jformi- 
carium), Honey-bees and Wasps construct hexagonal cells. 
The comb of the Bee is hung vertically, that of the Wasp 
is horizontal. 
Such are the main divisions of the Invertebrates—creat- 
ures which are commonly regarded with aversion, and con-’ 
sidered our foes rather than friends. Many of them are 
unmistakable nuisances, and it is difficult to see the pur- 
pose of their creation. Yet not a few have put us under 
obligations. Protozoans give us sponge and chalk; Radi- 
ates yield us coral; Mollusks contribute pearls; and In- 
sects spin us silk. Nearly every grand group sends repre- 
sentatives to our tables: Oysters, Sea-slugs, and Lobsters 
are staple articles with many people; Bees gather honey; 
and Amazonian Indians make Ants into salad. 
