342 COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 
grades keep the heel raised above the ground, walking on 
the tips of the toes. The majority have long tails. Such 
are the Weasels, Otters, Civets, Hyenas, Foxes, Jackals, 
Wolves, Dogs, Cats, Panthers, Leopards, Tigers, and Li- 
ons. The last five differ from all others in having retract- 
ile claws, and the radius rotating freely on the ulna. The 
Cats have thirty teeth; the Dogs, forty-two, or twelve more 
molars. In the former, the tongue is prickly; in the lat- 
ter, smooth. 
12. Primates, the head of the kingdom, are character- 
ized by the possession of two hands and a pair of feet, the 
thigh free from the body, and all the digits furnished 
with nails, the first on the foot enlarged to a “great toe.” 
Throughout the order, the hand is eminently or wholly 
prehensile, and the foot, however prehensile it may be, is 
always locomotive.” The clavicles are perfect. The eyes 
are situated in a complete bony cavity, and look forward. 
There are two sets of 
teeth, all enameled; 
and the incisors, num- 
bering four in each 
jaw. They are divided 
into Lemurs, Monkeys 
-and Apes, and Man. 
a. Lemurs, or “ Mad- 
agascar Cats,” are cov- 
ered with soft fur, have 
usually a long tail, 
pointed ears, fox - like 
muzzle, and curved nostrils. They walk on all fours, and 
the thumb and great toe are generally opposable to the 
digits. The second toe has a long, pointed claw instead 
of anail. The cerebrum is relatively small, and flattened, 
and does not cover the cerebellum and olfactory lobes.*” 
b. The Monkeys of tropical America have, generally, a 
: She 
SSS Ws 
Fig. 341.—Lemur (LZ. ruber). Madagascar. 
